Lemonade Stand — Season Three

This report provides factual quantative information on Lemonade Stand, sourced from financial statements, the business’ General Journal and financial data collected during Seasons One, Two and Three. The following economic summary report will consider how well Lemonade Stand’s business is performing by, among other things, deducting the stand’s capital costs from its profits. Through analysis of the previously stated quantiative information, the company will be able to measure how well the stand is using capital to build economic value, with perhaps deploying company resources in ways that will further enhance its economic value. In short, the economic summary report’s fundamental objective is to maximize the stand’s return for its owners, as well as to focus on very precise value-related targets, be they cost reductions, new investments, or other resource allocation. Over the three season period of review, Lemonade Stand has shown a steady revenue growth. Although this growth is positive, there are aspects of the business that, if managed more efficiently, could have brought the stand a significant increase in overall profits. First, the price per cup could have been increased throughout Season Two – instead of maintaining a steady price of $0. 60 during the whole season. This simple increase in price would increase revenues and profits for the season. Second, there was a lack of wise management towards the purchase of supplies during Season Two. It was difficult to forecast the turnout for each day and excess supplies were purchased in preparation for a predicted rush of customers. This mismanagement lead to a waste of supplies, – especially ice – a low inventory turnover, increased expenses – due to management mistakes instead of business operations — and excess inventory at the ending of the season. However, despite the downfall in Season Two, inventory turnover did improve during Season Three as well as the stand’s current ratio. The Lemonade Stand’s current ratio increased significantly from having $5. 80 in current assets for ever $1. 00 in current liabilities in Season One, to having $14. 50 in current assets for every $1. 0 in current liabilities at the conclusion of Season Three. The higher current ratio indicates the liquidty of the business, meaning that there is a greater margin of safety to cover short-term debts. As a result of a higher current ratio, the stand will be able to obtain necessities from short-term creditors such as suppliers, easier than before. The ability to obtain supplies and other necessi ties from short-term creditors will allow the stand to expand – if desired – and perhaps secure a more profitable Season Four. In addition, the decrease in the debt-equity ratio is another positive sign that shows us that the stand can be successful in the future if managed properly. The owners of Lemonade Stand place a value of $100. 00 toward being their own boss and thus have the freedom and flexibility that they would otherwise not experience while working for another person or company. This form of revenue can be found in the stand’s implicit revenue on the stand’s balance sheet and is added to the value of learning how to run the business — $50. 0 for Season One – as well as gaining more information and/or education on increasing profits and learning how to better manage the stand. During the third season, the stand was more concerned with maximizing returns on resources and therefore lead to a greater economic profit for that season. When the information contained in the business’ financial statements is used to create strategic objectives, such as maximizing returns on resources, the stand will be able to focus on those activities that will produce the desired result and also guide the owners in the management of the business. By focusing on activities that create the most value and, conversley, avoiding devoting inordinate amounts of resources to activities that produce little value the stand will be able to maintain its financial health and generate higher profits in the seasons to come. Lemonade Stand is in a strong position to expand and through expansion, will be able to set larger strategic objectives and potentially increase the health and value of the business.

Moment of Exhilaration in Soul’s on Ice

As Mark Doty passes the fresh-fish display in the grocery store, he specifically notices the organized layout of the Mackerel. This everyday experience gets Mark Doty thinking and reflecting. Eventually, he creates a deeply insightful poem out of this simple experience, a poem he calls â€Å"Souls on Ice†. As Doty begins the poem with a simple description, the metaphors guide and lead him throughout the end. Once a simple idea fell into his hands, Doty felt a moment of exhilaration.When Doty starts the poem’s investigative process, â€Å"a terrific kind of exhilaration me (Doty)† takes place. The sentences in the poem, â€Å"distinguished from the other –nothing about them of individuality†, made the movement of his writing clear. Beginning with This moment of exhilaration is the catalyst that quickly led him to write two sentences: â€Å"one that considers the fish as replications of the ideal, Platonic Mackerel, and one that likewise imagines the m as the intricate creations of an obsessively repetitive jeweler†.The pace picked up at this point, and after the idea had grown, Doty could let the poem write for itself. It seems as if the ideas in the poem fell onto paper before Doty even thought about them. Surprisingly, his writing presented ideas that amazed him too. Mark Doty seems to have heightened his speed during the moment of exhilaration. Before when writing the beginning of the poem, Doty took more time to try to find his direction in the poem. He starts off the two stanzas slowly with an â€Å"exploratory description†.However, during his peak of excitement, he seems to have been lost in the great amount of thought and idea that had hit him. During his process of writing he made many mistakes but he had totally forget about them â€Å"because the poem has worked the charm of its craft on my (Doty’s) memory; it convinces me (Doty) that it is an artifact of a process of inquiry. † With these w ords, Doty has created the notion that the he wasn’t writing the poem, but instead, the poem was writing him.It is not until further through his poem Doty realizes that he had been referring to â€Å"something overwhelmingly close to home. † Through my first reading I realized, as Mark Doty did, the main idea of commonness rather than individuality in the poem. However, it was not until my second reading that I noticed how closely this poem tied to Doty at heart. Already in the beginning Doty closely relates the Mackerel to human beings. When we lose our life we are like the same Mackerel laying in a pile next to each other, essentially the same.Like Doty’s partner, who had died, she has lost her individuality and is now the common person. Doty later on also expresses the idea of a soap bubble that shimmers with different colors. Each one of these colors is the individual trying to become a unique and different being. However, as everyone is trying to become div erse, they actually become the same.Work Cited: DiYanni, Robert, and Pat C. Hoy. â€Å"Souls on Ice by Mark Doty. † Occasions for Writing: Evidence, Idea, Essay. Boston, MA: Thomson Heinle, 2008. Print.

New Technologies and business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Technologies and business - Essay Example The age of globalization has led to economic reforms and the developing economies have opened the doors to foreign investments. Thus the markets in the merging economies have accepted foreign investments that have led to the transfer of new technologies as a result of the foreign direct investment by the developed economies. Due to the increase in investments by the foreign investors, the business identity of the local market has also been a point of consideration to the policymakers. The economic policies of the local governments have allowed subsidies and incentives in the form of reduced taxes and other allowances in order to encourage foreign investments to take place in the domestic markets. This has exposed the domestic markets to foreign competition in terms of technological advancements, quality and pricing. The multinational companies have set up their establishments in the emerging markets. Thus the legal construction of the boundaries of the sovereign states was crossed an d this led to the transfer of new technologies required to tap the opportunities of the emerging markets in the age of globalization. The new technologies brought about by the multinational companies in several states across the world have created a business identity for themselves in the worldwide markets. The multinational companies like the International Business Machine, Apple Inc, Microsoft, General Motors, Unilever Corporation, Morrison, etc. are from different industries that have brought new technologies in the worldwide markets. The research and development wings of these companies have developed the new technologies in accordance to the customized demand of the markets and this has helped them to develop a business identity for themselves. By introducing the new technologies that have fulfilled the market demands and satisfied the customers have helped them to enter the new markets and capture the market shares. The multi-national business houses that have brought about ne w technologies in the world wide markets have been able to increase their market capitalization. The new technologies have the businesses to manufacture and sell products to the customers which are of unexpectedly high quality and at the same time cost effective. The air of globalization and the transfer of new technologies across the legal boundaries of sovereign states have led to the development of a brand image and goodwill in the market. This is the mark of the business identity that has been achieved due to the process of globalization and increased consumerism. The advent and transfer of new technologies across the legal and geographical boundaries of states had an impact on the sovereignty of the states and its people. Due to the application of the new technologies in the host countries and the change in the quality, style and pricing of products and services, the taste and lifestyle of the people also changed. The states witnessed an increase in consumerism and the employme nt level in the states improved. The increase in the number of job opportunities in the economy of sovereign states led to the rise in income level. With more money in the hands of the population, the

Approach to Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Approach to Care - Assignment Example However, with several studies of the disease underway, a number of methods to lessen the psychological and physical effects are available. This paper is a critical approach to breast cancer diagnosis and staging, complications, side effects of treatment and the methods to address the after treatment effects. Breast cancer is a disease that attacks the mammary glands and is common in women with a few cases in men. It is at times found after the appearance of symptoms, but on other instances early breast cancer does not show any of the symptoms (Tests & cancer, 2014). Therefore, there is need for time to time screening tests to ascertain if there is infection. The diagnostic test is carried out to establish the type of breast cancer the client suffers from before different therapies are initiated. For instance, if the patient’s cancer is positive oestrogen receptor, an endocrine therapy is adopted whereas if she has a positive HER2, a trastuzumab approach is warranted. The difference between the two is that, HER2 implies that the cancer cells have a protein facilitating their growth whereas the positive receptor oestrogen (ER-positive) breast cancer means that the cancer growth is facilitated by estrogen hormone (Nice.org.uk, 2014). In the diagnosis process, the doctor may ask the patient questions about symptoms, any other illness, and the duration of pains. The doctor will then carefully examine the breast for any lumps, the texture, and extent in comparison to the skin and may be chest muscles. In addition, any changes in breast nipples ought examination as well as the lymph nodes within the armpit and the collarbones. Such examination is necessary because the presence of firm and enlarged lymph nodes may point to a multiply of breast cancer. If the physical examination results suggest breast cancer presence, the doctor

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Personal Development Plan - Essay Example As a result of the way and manner in which I approach my work with much confidence, my clients have always had trust in my ability to delivery, which is a very important tool for ensuring that I deliver up to expected standards for my clients. Equally so is the confidence and trust that my co-workers and superiors have in me. Finally, I have showed great strength in my knowledge in general x-ray procedures, which has affected the output of my work very positively. In the delivery of my works, there are very specific procedures such as fluoroscopy that I have not effectively mastered. My communication with some line of people is also affected with my difficulty in understanding their accent. Very often also, I have overworked myself, causing me to be stressed. Lastly, I do not have an in-depth knowledge in the area of pathology. These weaknesses are actually guidelines for me as to how I need to develop my action plan into the future to function more effectively. This is because I realise that if I am able to overcome these weaknesses and turn them into strengths, I shall become more useful at work. As important as it is for me work on all my identified weaknesses, I believe that taking this one at a time will be much helpful for me. For this reason, I have a focusing area which I want to start with. This focus area has to do with developing my knowledge in pathology. I have selected this as my focusing area due to the direct influence and linkage it has on my professional practice. With my work in x-ray procedures and radiography in general, I find the development of my knowledge in pathology as a crucial requirement that will ensure that I have a total understanding for my patients and their health situations. Clearly having a better understanding of the overall health structure of a patient helps in giving quality healthcare to the patient. As pathology deals with â€Å"the examination of organs,

Strategy Implementation - NIKE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy Implementation - NIKE - Essay Example For a large capital company, these continued gains are an amazing performance. This paper is a strategy implementation for Nike. (Nike Inc., 2012) While the statistics above shows strength in Nike’s strategy, this ratio has several limitations. It does not account for the money’s time-value, in addition to the risk associated, with an investment or stock (Harper, 2012). The ratio also overvalues investments as the equation overlooks long-term costs in favor of short-term savings. Finally, since they can be calculated using different criteria, these ratios have a problem with consistency. The Inventory Turnover of a company, in accounting, is a measure of the frequency at which inventory is used or sold in a set period, for example, a year (Ozyasar, 2012). The equation for its calculation involves dividing the cost of goods sold by average inventory. It is also referred to as stock turnover or inventory turns. For Nike, the inventory turnover has been dropping, although not drastically. These ratios show that while Nike does well with money collection, it has much slower in selling or using inventory in the past three years. (Nike Inc., 2012) This ratio has several limitations. ... Finally, low inventory levels could lead to lost sales. The inventory turnover ratio fails to tell the organization if it could have sold extra if it had higher stocks. Nike intends to move its global organization into organizational learning and sustainable practices with an aim to increase sales (Balch, 2012). These strategies are also aimed at spreading the appreciation of sustainability through the entire organization, as well as demonstrate value to customers and business. In the 21st century, successful integration of corporate responsibility with the heart of the business is mandatory. Nike is adopting environmental efforts aimed at being part of its wider sustainability program. Nike is striving to minimize the negative impacts, which their processes have on the environment during the product life cycle from design all the way to manufacturing. They are also extending this to the products post-consumer use, as well as the product’s ultimate disposal. They have institut ed a program called NEAT that strives to recycle manufacturing waste left over from shoes (Balch, 2012). The solid waste from Nike shoes, especially cured rubber used for the manufacture of soles, is now converted into new soles This is expected to create value addition to the consumer since they are environmentally friendly, which is now a major global issue. This builds on one of the company’s core values; doing things with a difference as standing still is seen as dangerous while failure to take risks is seen as more dangerous. For Nike, collaboration is vital if they are to stay ahead with innovation (Balch, 2012). They are thus continually seeking insight from regular athletes and partners from inside and outside the industry, with an aim to improve

Face Negotiation Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Face Negotiation Theory - Essay Example Facework refers to particular non-verbal as well as verbal messages that help in maintaining or re-building the loss of face. Different aspects of the Face-Negotiation Theories Anxiety and uncertainty can result in conflict that brings discomfort. According to Ting-Toomey’s face-negotiation theory, it is mainly based on individualism and collectivism (Ting -Toomey, 2010). Harry Triandis states that three important distinctions between collectivistic and individualistic cultures include the different ways in which members perceive the concepts of goals, self, and duty. More than 60% of the world’s population is born to collectivist cultures such as those in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America; while the remainder, in nations such as Switzerland and Germany, live in individualist cultures (Ting -Toomey, 2010). For collectivist cultures such as that of Japan, it is presumed that even the decisions made by the citizens on an individual basis end up affecting th e community. This means that it is constructive for the accepted norms of the group to determine individual choices. The Japanese ‘We’ identity is comparable to the ‘I’ identity of the individualistic American society. In the use of meditation methods in the two types of cultures, the mediator encourages antagonists to deal directly with their differences and keeps the conversation focused on the possibility of a final agreement. Ting –Toomey states that in a culture, the citizens who make it up differ in terms of how much they identify with group solidarity or individualistic self-sufficiency. Timing-Toomey uses the terms ‘independent’ as well as ‘interdependent self’ to identify the extent to which a culture’s members view themselves as being autonomous or in relation to others around them. The psychologists Shinobu Kitayama and Hazel Markus refer to this concept as self-image or self-construal (Ting -Toomey, 2010). In seemingly individualistic cultures such as the American culture, there may be certain changes that are noted in different ethnic groups. There are ethnic immigrants, for instance, that still practice collectivist habits and bring up their children in a collectivist culture, and to be highly interdependent. These select immigrant populations also encourage their citizens to engage in self-values that are interdependent and that highlight relational connectedness. It is common for the Western world to regard the maintenance of ‘face’ to be a predominantly Asian preoccupation. However, it is more common in other cultures as well, as it can be said to be a different definition of the self-concept. The Max Plank Institute of Psycholinguistics’ Stephen Levinson and Penelope Brown have defined the concept of ‘face’ as being the public image of self that society’s members wish to claim as being their own (Ting -Toomey, 2010). Lin Yutang, a Taiwane se author, on the other hand, defined face as being a psychological image that can be lost, granted to an individual, and even struggled for (Ting -Toomey, 2010). For Ting-Toomey, the concept of face is simply descriptive of the projective image of an individual’s self in a relational setting. While people in individualistic societies struggle to preserve their own best ‘images’, those in collectivist cultures tend to focus on preserving the good ‘images’ of their fellow man.     

Future Business Leader scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future Business Leader scholarship - Essay Example Successful business leaders must be inspirational and committed to work. Successful business leaders should have the ability to share their vision in a successful manner with their team. If the mission and vision of the organisation is clear to the employees then the chances of leading the team successfully increases. Successful business leaders have good communication skills. They ensure that via their communication they are able to motivate their team and retrieve maximum amount of productivity from the team. Leaders need to keep their team motivated so that the team remains in high spirits at all times. Successful business leaders need to engage in team work and also encourage team work amongst their staff. With team work, the task gets effectively and efficiently done. Leaders need to effectively handle teams and delegate tasks to team member according to their capability. Successful leaders need to have good time management skills. They need to manage workload time according to deadlines and should know how to prioritise work according to deadlines. Successful leaders can work under pressure and ensure that they manage all activities in a successful manner. Successful leaders need to have a good and modest character. They should instil good values in their organisation so that the employees following them aim for good values in their professional life. Leaders need to demonstrate a strong ethical conduct at workplace. They should be ethical while conducting the organisational activities so that the subordinates under the leader do the same. Honesty and ethical conduct are crucial elements for successful business leadership. The business that I would like to initiate in my future is a day care business. Day care business is a highly challenging business as one has to deal with small children and a staff that is calm and patient. Due to my inspirational personality,

Free

Free Press and Democracy Essay Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equally and to have free access to information ideas and opinions, with this reasoning is inferred that de democracy needs free press in order to be function properly. The power of the press is associated to the fundamental principles of democracy thats to say the freedom of expression and freedom of opinion. The desire of people to express themselves freely wouldnt have been possible without a fully free press. The power of the press has managed to reach such importance as freedom of expression. Free press has the capacity to arms citizens with essential information-the truth, that gives people the opportunity to choose the path to follow and to have their own opinion when it comes to solve problems or take a side in the issues that will always take place in a society. An intimidated, uninformed and disinterested public would be the predictable result of the loss of freedom of the press. It is basic statement that to maintain a healthy democracy no government activity should escape the scrutiny of the press. According to one story, one of Napoleon’s contemporaries visited the United States as a guest of President Thomas Jefferson. Upon seeing a Federalist newspaper article lying on a table that heavily criticized Jefferson’s policies, the visiting Frenchman remarked that the writer of the article should be punished. Jefferson responded calmly, â€Å" Sir, you may take the newspaper back with you to France, because that is the difference between my country and yours.† The president, a great believer in freedom of the press, was telling his visitor that without this right, American would not be the country that it is. This was true in 1800, and is equally true today. The freedom to publish facts, even opposing opinions about those facts, is essential for informed voters to participate in a democracy. In a nutshell, it can be inferred with all this information that democracy and free press needs to come handy, together in order to give people the freedom that they deserve to take their own opinion in a determinate matter. In my opinion everybody have the right to take their own decisions and to have their own opinion in all aspects of live. Without free press there is no democracy, no freedom of choice.

Consumer Purchase Decision Essay Example for Free

Consumer Purchase Decision Essay There are many reasons that a consumer chooses a certain product. It may be that it is environmentally friendly, a great design or it might be as simple as the price of the product. As a business organization we must be able to conduct our research and decipher what is most important to our target market. The consumer buying decision process is a systematic way of looking at how a consumer makes the decision to purchase a product (any product) in a product category. In our restaurant we will determine what products they want and develop a successful strategy on how to market our products and services. As a customer in our restaurant we will have many choices available to them at a low cost. There are five steps in the consumer purchase decision that I’ll explain. Step one is need recognition which simply means that we identify what the potential customers need in our market. What kind of foods do they like and what kind of experience do they want when they go to a restaurant? Step two is searching for the product that the customer wants. We will have many avenues, such as print ads and our website, in which to market our product and inform the public of our food and services. The third step is product evaluation where the consumer gathers information on our products and services. We will have the best menu and service in our market to gain a larger market share in our area. The fourth step is product choice and purchase so it is vital that we successfully advertise and market our restaurant. We will have the best menu, greatest service and the most updated restaurant within a hundred mile radius. The fifth step is the post purchase and evaluation step where the consumer will decide whether our food and  service is worth a return visit. We will make a great impression on our customers through our delicious menu and excellent dining experience. A consumer’s buyer behaviour is influenced by four major factors: 1) Cultural, 2) Social, 3) Personal and 4) Psychological. Cultural factors include a consumer’s culture, subculture and social class. These factors are often  inherent in our values and decision processes. Our target customers are mostly young families and lower to upper middle class. Social factors include groups (reference groups and member groups), family, roles and status. This explains the outside influences of others on our purchase decisions either directly or indirectly. Personal factors include such variables as age and lifecycle stage, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle (activities, interests, opinions and demographics), personality and self concept. These may explain why our preferences often change as our `situation changes. Psychological factors affecting our purchase decision include motivation (Maslows hierarchy of needs), perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. Other peop le often influence a consumer’s purchase decision. Word of mouth can be one of our biggest allies or our greatest threat in the marketing of our restaurant. We will make sure that every customer will enjoy their experience from the moment that they walk through our doors. They will be greeted when they enter and when they exit and our servers will be courteous and knowledgeable. We need to know which people are involved in the buying decision and what role each person plays, so that marketing strategies can also be aimed at these people. Understanding these behaviours as they pertain to our restaurant will help us gain a competitive advantage against all competitors in our area. Market segment is defined as the process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. We have effectively indentified our market segment as having fewer than ten thousand potential customers in our area with an additional five thousand from outside our area such as truck drivers and customers passing through. Our town has consistently been moving to a younger crowd (Generation X) so our fresh new look and our website should appeal to this younger generation. This market also values environmentally friendly products so we will utilize environmentally safe products in our restaurant. The majority of our market are family oriented so our family style menu and restaurant will be very appealing to our customers. We understand that the  customer has a process that they u se to determine where they want to dine. With our excellent customer service, great new menu and low prices we will gain their loyalty and get them back through our doors. Our customers are always number one and our customer service will be second to none. There are many options to dine in our area but we will set ourselves apart from the competition.

Strategic Development History Of Apple

Strategic Development History Of Apple This report will explore the strategic development history of Apple Inc. (previously Apple Computer, Inc.), its current strategies and form the basis of Apples future strategy in the form of strategic recommendations which Apple Inc. can persuade to get sustainable competitive advantage and higher growths in the future. The success of a strategy is determined by the companys initiative actions, how well it anticipates competitors responses to them and how well companys anticipates and reacts to its competitors actions. In strategic development we will analyse how Apple establish a framework for setting its direction and determined the criteria to take strategic decisions. After having analysed it, the report will depict its current strategic situation by doing macro and micro analysis and on the basis of it, the possible future recommendations will be suggested. Introduction: Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, personal computers and computer software. It is best known for its products like iPhone, ipod and Macintosh computers. The company was established in April 1, 1976 in Cupertino, California and incorporated in January 3, 1977. As of September 26, 2009, Apple had 34,300 full time employees and 2,500 temporary full time employees worldwide1. It had worldwide sales of $42.91 billion in its fiscal year ending September 26, 20092. It has more than 284 retail stores3 as of January, 2010 and online store where software and hardware products are sold. The financial Data of Apple Inc. for 2009 are as: Financial Data of Apple Inc. for 20094 Financial Fiscal as Ended on 26-09- 2009 Total Revenue 42,905m Gross Profit 17,222m Total Cash Flow 2,997m Net Income 8,235m Total Asset Value 47,501m 1 www.apple.com 2 Revised Request Quarterly Income Statement Apple Inc. January 25,2010. 3 Apple Tablet Media Event Today. Come See Our Latest Creation MacRumors. January 27, 2010 accessed on [17 July 2010] 4 http://www.google.com/finance?fstype=iiq=nasdaq:aapl Strategic Development Overview: Apple Inc. has managed to create substantial value in the highly competitive consumer electronic and computer industry by innovating and forging a path considerably different from those of the largest competitors in the industry, successfully differentiating its products from those of the competition by choosing to focus on quality, superior customer service and design elegance while outsourcing actual manufacturing to most trusted original equipment manufacturers. Even though despite of this fact Apple has created for itself, the stiff competition within the industry and other external factors present formidable challenges to the firm. The Early Years 1976- 1980 Apple I was the first computer introduced by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronal Wayne. It was sold as the motherboard with Central processing unit (CPU), RAM and the basic textual video chips. By the end of 1970s Apple had a staff of computer programmers and designers and a production line. After Apple II they introduced Apple III in May, 1980. The main competitors for Apple were IBM and Microsoft competing for market share. In 1984 Apple launched Macintosh which was initially sold well but the follow up sales were not strong. The computer industry destiny changed when the Laser writer were introduced. The Mac was powerful in the market due to its advanced graphics capabilities which was already necessarily built in to create the intuitive Macintosh GUI. At that time it has been suggested the combination of these three products was caused for the creation of desktop publishing market. As the desktop publishing became widespread, the sale of Apple has reached new heights and the comp any has offered its first public offerings in September 7, 1984. The reason for the Apple sustainable growth due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to adaptation of LOGO programming language used in many schools with the Apple II. 1986- 1993 A Move in Strategy After the failure of Bulky Macintosh, Apple changed its strategy and offered Macintosh Portable in 1989. In 1991 Apple introduced PowerBook which made the basis of the modern form of ergonomic layout of laptop computer. In the same year Apple came up with its new operating system System 7 which added colour to interface and enhanced the networking capabilities. It was remained the architectural basis for Mac OS up to 2001. The success of PowerBook brought huge revenues for Apple and it seemed that nothing go wrong with Apple at that time. MacAddict a famous magazine named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the first golden age of the Macintosh. The Apples strategy to attach the market with other products like digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers and video consoles did not work well for Apple. The main focus of Microsoft was to gain market share with Windows, focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity where as Apple was even though was rich in engineering matter but was bit expensive. 1994 -1997 Reinvention Apple put its step in the PDA market by introducing Apple Newton which was one the first in the industry. Apple has started working on other platforms by the early 1990s such as A/U. It was needed at that time to replace the platform for Macintosh or reworked to design a powerful hardware to run the Macintosh. 1n 1994, Apple allied with Motorola and IBM. The aim was to create a new computing platform Power PC Reference Platform which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apples software. The AIM alliance worked for Apple and Apples software left the PC far behind. Apple introduced Power Macintosh the first time of many Apple computers to use IBMs PowerPC processor. Apple adopted a new built -to- order strategy in November 10, 1997 by introducing Apple store which was tied to its overall strategy. 1998- 2005 A New Start Apple introduced iMac a new all in one computer reminiscent in August 15, 1998  [5]  . The iMac was equipped with new technology and groundbreaking design. Near about 800,000 units sold in first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993. In this period Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer- oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of Macromedias Final cut software giving a new signal of entering into the digital video editing market. The following year Apple had released two video editing products, one is iMovie and the other one is Final Cut Pro for the professionals. Around 800,000 users had been registered with this software by the start of 2007. Apple has opened its first official store in May 19, 2001 in Virginia and California. In the same year Apple has introduced its first iPod portable digital audio player. This product has given a new success to Apple as more than 100 million units were sold within six years. Apple has a strategy of bounding the customer to its products and doing a business a different way. Apple has given a new theme to music industry business by introducing Apples iTunes Store whereby you can download music for US$0.99 song integration with iPod. Apple has become the market leader in the online music services due to it with over 5 billion download by June 19th, 2008. 2005 -2010 New Era Apple has taken another move in its strategy of dominating the market by announcing on June 6, 2005 in the Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would start producing Intel- based computers in 2006  [6]  . MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to utilize Intels Core Duo CPU. By 7th of August 2007 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips. The day Apple announced its iPhone and Apple TV its share price hit $97.80, an all time high at that point and in May that price went up to $100 mark  [7]  . A next step to its success was selling the third party applications for its iPhone and iPod touch. Within a month, 60 millions application sold on this platform and brought in $ I million dollar on average. Three months later it was announced that Apple has become the third largest mobile handset supplier in the world due to the popularity of the iPhone  [8]  . Apple added a one more milestone in its success by targeting the market with its new iPad on January 27, 2010. It runs the same touch based operating system as iPhone and many of the application of iPhone are compatible with the iPad. On the launch day more than 300,000 units sold and this figure reached to 500,000 by the end of the first week  [9]  . Situational Analysis: Apple is one of the most successful companies of the time that bucked the traditional notions of what a corporate culture should look like in terms of organizational hierarchy. After doing the macro (PESTEL), industrial analysis we would be in a position to clearly analyse its current position and suggest further recommendations. Environmental Analysis: PESTEL Analysis For doing environmental analysis of Apple we will use the PESTEL analysis along with keeping of global forces as well. Demographic Economic P/Legal Environment Threats Opportunities Economic 1. Signs of economic turnaround are present but many consumers are unconvinced and spending less. Apple always sell products on premium prices so it may be out of consumer prices range 1. Economic recovery will cause spending. Apple innovative and high quality products attract the customers Demographic 1. Flattening of wages- Levelling Influence 1. Rising prices and stagnant leave workers and families with less money to spend on perceived luxury goods. 1.Apple known for high quality, dependability and long lasting products will attract customers seeking value for their money Political/Legal 1.Potential FCC Internet Regulation 2.Healthcare Reform 1. FCC internet regulations may stifle innovation on the internet, reducing new methods for Apple to capitalize the power of internet. 1.Apples useful portable device could be leveraged in modern healthcare settings, funded in part by government money, increasing demand Technological 1.Device Convergence 2.Shortening Product Lifecycle 1. Apple broad line of devices may become obsolete with the advent of multi-use portable devices. 2. Increased pressure to innovative may result in missed opportunities and inventories losses. 1. As a leader in portable devices Apple can innovate and lead the way in platform. 2. High RD commitments may propel. Apple led the industry by out-innovating competitors. Socio cultural 1.Increase desire for on-the-go devices 2. Greater concern for the environment. 1. Apples portable computers may lose relevance among new on-the-go devices. 2. Device manufacturing will be equated with pollution and climate change. 1. Apple can lead innovation in on-the-go devices utilizing RD portable knowhow. 2. Apples lead in environmentally- sound practices will be a marketing advantage. Global 1.Developing Chinese economy 2. Potential worldwide climate regulation. 1. The developing Chinese economy will require higher wages for factory workers. 2. Emissions regulation will impose huge burdens on Apples production costs. 1. Massive population with increased buying power for Apples products. 2. Apple has already made steps to improve environment- friendliness can be used to the firms advantage. Technological Global S/Cultural Industrial Analysis: For industrial analysis we make use of Porters five forces framework to assess the different forces that affect the overall industry in which firms operate. Porters Five Forces: Threat of New Entrant To analyse the threat of new entrant we have to consider the different barriers that make this threat nominal to sever. The barriers are Economies of Scale Apple had already experience of manufacturing mass- market consumer electronic devices, so Apple was not adversely affected by this barrier. Product Differentiation This trait goes in favour of Apple because Apple is the leader in the innovative products and Apple has certain amount of protection through the strength of its brand identity. But this product differentiation can be emulated to a certain degree. Capital Requirements Apple enjoys a slight advantage here but it may be quickly lost. If we talk about other companies they might have experience in manufacturing cell phones but not necessarily software. To compete with Apple they have to invest a lot on this sector. Second Apple is a leader in innovation as it uses to spend a huge capital on RD which is huge barrier for the new company to spend a significant amount of capital on RD. Access to Distribution Channels Apple remained successful in gaining access to a distribution channel and they also tied themselves exclusively to a single cell phone network. So the new entrant will have to take some time to reach to this level. So having analyzing these barriers we can say that the threat for new entrant for Apple is low to medium. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The main supplier of Apple Inc. is Intel for microprocessor chips and Apple has strategic alliance with Intel and Microsoft as Microsoft enable Apple users to use the Microsoft Windows operating system on its machine. So, Apple has to be very careful in managing its relation with these suppliers especially with Intel. So the bargaining power of suppliers is medium. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The bargaining power of buyers is low as its only Apple which always come with new innovative products. Even though its true that there are many competitors of Apple in the market for different products but even then people wait for Apples new invention. So, clearly the bargaining power of buyers is low in case of Apple. Threat of Substitute: The threat of substitute is high as Apple products are the premium products and there are lot of companies that are making products like mobile phones (iPhone) which are very similar in functionality and in shape. Second companies like DELL, ASCER and Microsoft has started penetrating in the mobile market shrinking the market share of Apple. So keeping in view of todays scenario the threat of substitute is higher for Apple Inc. Competitive Rivalry: The competition among the giants is very fierce and everyone is fighting for large market share through intensive price cuts and changes. The competitors of Apple are Microsoft, HTC, Dell, NOKIA and others. The competition is becoming tough and tough as most of the companies which were specialist in PC related stuff have started coming in the mobile and PC tablet market. Due to this the competition has become tougher and for more market growth and share, everyone is ready to take any sore of moves like price cuts, technology change, etc. The last step to evaluate the company position in conjunction to its industry we do the SWOT analysis which will depict what sort of strength/weaknesses it has what kind of opportunities and threats it has from its surroundings. Potential Entrant Threat Medium Threat of entry COMPETITIVE RIVALRY HIGH SUBSTITUTES High SUPPLIERS Low BUYERS Medium Bargaining Power Bargaining power Threat of substitutes Porters Five Forces Framework for Apple Inc. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Ease of use High Corporate Reputation Leader in Innovation and market leader Loyal customer base Strong Top Management Creative Style Weaknesses High prices Limited Distribution Channels Compatibility issues (e.g. with IBM) Poor Quality Control/Assurance Opportunities New social devices iTunes Distribution International markets Internet Growing industry Demand for innovation Threats Economic Situation Intensive Competition Potential Litigations Potential increase in supplys costs. Price competition Value Chain Analysis: Value Chain Activity Corresponding Firm Practice, Policy/Procedure General Administration A greener Apple reduction in energy use in production and transportation to match trend in green business. Strong cash position allows the firm to internally finance expansion and development without cost of capital. Human Resource Management Selective hiring process find and attract talent Generous employee benefits program retain industry-leading talent. Technological Development Research Development expenditure increased about 66% from 2007 to 2009 Patent filing protection of important inventions and innovations in the US and worldwide Procurement Positive relationships with suppliers EICC member, working to improve working conditions, created and enforces a Supplier Code of Conduct. Inbound Logistics Automated receiving systems reduce facility footprint and space requirements. Delegate raw materials acquisition offer supervision to OEM partners who carry out acquisition. Operations Utilizes OEMs economies of scale offshore production to save money on costs of build. Internal design design and conceptualize products internally Outbound Logistics Economical/Stylish Packaging eye-catching packaging takes up less space and weight, reducing shipping costs and costs of disposal. Apple Stores/Authorized Retailers working to maintain standards over presentation of products for sale. Direct shipment ship products from China to consumer to minimize inventory build-ups in costly locations. Marketing and Sales Get a Mac Ads Various direct/indirect favourable comparisons Strategic Choices: Taking its environment, industry and value chain analysis we may give some options available to Apple Inc. for its future growth in terms of more market share and profitability. These are given as: Reducing the costs of its products and maintaining the same quality standards. Opening of more retail shops for easy access and more physical presence. Providing facility for customization of its different products like Apple Mac Book and others. Consumer electronics diversification. Option 1: Reducing the costs of Products Apple has that kind of brand which attracts everyone but the only problem is the premium prices for its products. Apple can hit the market segment which can afford reasonable prices which we can say not much low and not too much high. By slightly reducing the prices and maintaining the same quality Apple can further dominate the market and achieve more market share. By doing it the major benefit that Apple will achieve is further brand awareness and customer loyalty. Evaluation of option 1: (SAF test) A useful way of looking at evaluation criteria is to view them as falling into three categories: Suitability, Feasibility, and Acceptability Johnson, G., and Scholes, K.(1997) As far as the suitability of this option is concerned, then lowering the prices will be suitable for Apple Inc. because most of competitors of Apple they start making the same products design wise and technology wise with lower prices. The company get two benefits with this strategic option. First it will get more customers who like Apple products but cant buy due to higher prices (means more market share) and the other benefit is killing the competition. So, in my point of view this option fulfils all the three parameters of SAF test. Option 2: Opening of more retail Shops By providing more points of direct contact with the buyers will enable Apple to provide better service to customers and bring the Apple more customer and experience to more people. Apples retail stores have been largely successful, that success can be furthered in new locations within USA, UK and other countries. Apple should practice great caution to avoid over- saturation to retain the halo surrounding the stores and maintain their status as a destination. Evaluation of option 2 (SAF Test) By introducing Apple stores provided Apple with an important physical presence to act as both point of sales locations and an advertisement. Opening of more retail outlets will provide Apple more control on the image of brand and provide excellent customer services. Apple comes in the top retailers in- stores sales, generating $4,032 per retail square foot per year, beating other retailers like Tiffany Co. At $2,666 and Best Buy at only $930.  [10]  Matching success and impact like the Apple store model is hard for others to achieve. Apple possesses all resources like capital and top management to consider this option which can prove one step further in its growing success. Option3: Customization of products Dell has taken a lead from all its competitors in providing customized products to its customer through its website. Dell has set a model for its competitors. Apple can contribute to this area by offering customised products like Mac Book and other through its website. In this way you are buying your customer and giving them what they want. The customer will be more satisfied and happy with the services. Customization will provide efficient value chain management and reduces the inventory level. Evaluation of Option3 (SAF Test) Today is the day of internet and most of leading companies are trading through their websites. Now a days the customers are well IT equipped and more aware. They buy what they want not what the gives. By offering customized products you are giving the customer what they want and biding them. Apple has great intellectual assets, so it is easier to come up with business model which will facilitate Apple to provide customized products to its customers. Secondly it will require minimal capital but its results will be outstanding. There is only one time cost and life time rewards attached to this option. So considering all these aspects, this option is quite good for Apples future growth and sustainable competitive advantage. Option 4: Consumer Electronic Diversification Apple already has a well positioned diversified strategy, but it can broaden its scope while creating value in related and unrelated markets including eBooks and medical equipment. We just examine its current diversification beginning with full sized desktop computers to now a days notebook computer, mobile phones, digital music players, iPad. Despite of this broad range of diversification, opportunities are still there for Apple to avail in further diversification. Evaluation of Option 4 (SAF Test) If we take United States or UK the medical equipment and related devices are growth area of economy. As new healthcare legislation is enacted the importance of modernizing our system will come to forefront. Apples innovative and high quality portable devices would provide excellent platforms for care providers to get benefit of streamlining care. In order get more value from this area and to reduce the capital investment Apple should work with medical equipment manufacturers and core providers to establish Apples devices. Apple can open its portable and mobile platforms for development of unique and efficient medical tools using a combination of new digital medical technologies and current technology of connectivity. Good examples of future products can be digital thermometers and blood pressure monitors that connect through USB to Apple device to automatically log measurements and do real time analysis based on historical values to identify trends. Apple can take advantage of being first mover in this kind of products. After presenting the different aspects we may conclude that this option is valuable for Apple Inc. Recommendations: Based on the above analysis, it is recommended that Apple Inc. formulates a strategy of offering customized products to its consumers to gain more customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Consumer specific customization and hardware packaging- increase product diversification and eliminate threat of competitive alternatives. It will help Apple to strip certain features and hence reduce costs. The sales will be increased and Apple will a far larger customer base. Secondly it should gain access to additional distribution channels and sales outlets in the international markets (International Presence). It has substantial presence internationally but still has to be introduced in many Asian countries including China, Arab countries and most of Africa. Apple should drive down the costs per unit to enable price reductions and attract more customers. In this way it will not capture more market share but also beat the competition increasing in the market. It should exploit its RD to innov ate, should create products with similar usability but at lower costs. Especially in the deep recession period people might respond better to lower prices. It has no doubt that Apple is very good in introducing excellent design and innovative products but we have seen a consistent problem with Apples quality control and assurance department. So, Apple should stress on improving in this area to preserve its brand image as well as to win the customer confidence on its products.

Flouridation :: essays research papers fc

Flouridation In 1931 at the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station M. C. Smith, E. M. Lantz, and H. V. Smith discovered that when given drinking water supplied with fluorine, rats would develop tooth defects. Further testing by H. T. Dean and E. Elove of the United States Public Health Service confirmed this report, and stated that what is known as mottled tooth. Mottled tooth is a condition in which white spots develop on the back teeth. Gradually the white spots get darker and darker until the tooth is eroded completely. This was believed to be caused by fluorine in drinking water (Behrman pg. 181).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A strong uproar was heard when this was released and people wanted all fluorine out of their water. But later tests concluded that communities with high levels of fluorine in their drinking water suffered less dental cavities. Further testing concluded that at least 1.0 parts per million of fluorine could help to prevent cavities, but more than 1.5 PPM would cause mottled tooth, so basically a little fluorine would be okay but a lot of fluorine would be bad (Behrman 182).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1938, with this information, Dr. Gerald Cox of the Mellon Institute began to promote the addition of fluoride to public water systems, claiming that it would reduce tooth decay, however there were two major obstacles in his path, The American Medical Association, and The American Dental Association. Both associations wrote articles in their journals about the dangers of fluoridation of water supplies. The American Dental Association wrote the following in the October 1, 1944 issue: â€Å"We do know the use of drinking water containing as little as 1.2 to 3.0 parts per million of fluorine will cause such developmental disturbances in bones as osteoslcerosis, spondylosis and osteoperosis, as well as goiter, and we cannot afford to run the risk of producing such serious systemic disturbances in applying what is at present a doubtful procedure intended to prevent development of dental disfigurements among children.† (Yiamouyiannis pg. 138)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite these warnings Dr. Cox continued to promote fluoridation of water supplies and even convinced a Wisconsin dentist, J. J. Frisch to promote the addition of fluoride to water supplies in his book, The Fight For Fluoridation. Frisch soon garnered the support of Frank Bull. Frank Bull organized political campaigns in order to persuade local officials to endorse fluoridation. This began to apply heavy pressure on the United States Public Health Service and the American Dental Association. (Yiamouyiannis pg. 139)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1945 before any tests had been proven to show that fluoride reduced cavities, it was added to the drinking water supply of Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Cultural theory and the meanings of money :: Business and Management Studies

Cultural theory and the meanings of money Couples and their money: theory and practice in personal finances Four perspectives draw on: * Economics and rational choice theory * Social structural approaches * Psychological approaches * Cultural theory and the meanings of money. According to classical economic theory money has four main functions: †¢it is a medium of exchange, †¢a store of value, †¢a unit of account, †¢a standard of deferred payment. Perspectives within economic theory relevant to personal finances: †¢fungibility This notion is standard in classical economic theory and means that money is considered to be neutral and interchangeable, so that any unit of wealth is substitutable for any other (McCloskey, 1987). †¢rational choice theory This assumes that people make reasoned choices in order to maximise their overall welfare or utility. Rational choice theory lays stress on the importance of information in facilitating the efficient working of markets and of consumer choice. Daniel: I have a high interest account with First Direct as well. And then I have another savings account which is slightly lower interest. The high interest savings account has a penalty on withdrawals, so I keep a sum of money in there stable which I don’t draw on. If I have extra spending, or I need to top up my current account in case I’m going overdrawn, that comes from the third, lower interest account which I keep for small amounts. When I have a surplus at the end of the month in my current account I transfer across to the high interest account as much as I can. Daniel’s economic rationality extended to credit cards and Air Miles. He explained about his American Express Gold Card: I use that for my purchases because I get Air Miles on that, so all my purchases I get Air Miles and I transfer that to my various Air Miles accounts. I originally got a Gold Card because they did a special offer, had one free for a year, and so I gave up after a year. Said ‘No thank you. I don’t want to pay for a card’. Oh well, another card arrives free for a year, so I said, ‘Fine’. Pahl, J. (2001) ‘Couples and their money: theory and practice in personal finances’, in R. Sykes, C.Bochel and N. R. Ellison, Social Policy Review 13, Policy Press Bristol. Rosie: If I’ve got to have dealings with them for money, I like to know that it’s only a certain number of hours†¦ I like restrictions of banking hours; I do quite like that. I’m old fashioned, completely opposite to Daniel. If he sees that something is wrong with one of

Advocacy for poverty

Maya Coney Crystal Snyder Adam Smith Kyle Parker Need For Advocacy: We want to advocate for those In poverty. The world has enough food to feed everyone but food distribution Is uneven between social classes. Due to this Inequality, we have chosen different options on how to reduce this Issue. People of poverty often face problems with prejudice, Judgment, misunderstanding, and discrimination. We want to help reduce hunger In our community In the Valhalla Beach area and DOD community as well. We also want to help provide clothing to the underprivileged.All of which will help provide awareness for people experiencing poverty. Plan Development: Our group is going to participate in the spirit Friday Food Drive at ODD main campus. The event is scheduled for September 27, 2013. Students are asked to provide nonperishable goods for collection. Our group also plans to participate as a volunteer in the Food Bank of Southeastern VA on November 1 5, 2013. In addition to these two events and ac tivities, we plan to also participate in Meals and Wheels in November as well. Plan Implementation: Our group plans to create a flier.On this flier, we plan to create an event for which students at the V Higher De Center can donate nonperishable goods. After creating the flier, we plan to coordinate the donation event in accordance with the flier. In the donation event, we also plan to collect clothing for donation to local thrift stores, like Goodwill or Salvation Army. To help spread awareness, we plan to forward any school sponsored events from ODDS directed towards poverty to students that attend campus classes. Assessment of Advocacy Project: Individual/ Personal Reflections (4, 1 for each member of the group)Advocacy for poverty By tackles 82 We want to advocate for those in poverty. The world has enough food to feed everyone but food distribution is uneven between social classes. Due to this inequality, we have chosen different options on how to reduce this issue. People of d iscrimination. We want to help reduce hunger in our community in the Virginia Beach area and ODDS community as well. We also want to help provide clothing to the Our group is going to participate in the spirit Friday Food Drive at ODDS main campus. In the Food Bank of Southeastern VA on November 15, 2013.

Time Traveling Art Historian

Through my travels of time and space I’ve seen remarkable sights of the world that have made an impact on my many journeys through the centuries. One place I visited through my time travel was the Sistine Chapel and the exquisite works of art that are contained inside the building. The year is 1542, and I am exploring the town of Vatican City. I see that the Sistine Chapel has just added the new artwork of The Last Judgment no more than two months ago. This was one of the artist most famous visual art pieces. The artist Michelangelo Buonarroti was charged in performing a duty by Pope Clement in 1534, to create a fresco that would cover the entire wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel. It took Michelangelo four years to complete The Last Judgment, which was not until 1541. The artwork depicted the final judgment and the second coming of Christ. The style used in the painting reflects the Mannerist style. The painting lacked the sense of optimism and beauty that define Michelangelo’s work on the ceiling. His figures in the painting were no longer proportioned, but looked twisted and grotesque. The heads looked too small for the bodies Michelangelo had envisioned. As I scurried through the city streets of Venice City to see to the renowned piece of artwork, I can feel the excited just flowing through my body. When I finally gazed upon the beauty of the chapel, I was in awe by the magnificent work of the entire painting. The fresco appeared as the figures in the painting were in movement. The fascination with the immense blue sky and various colors that Michelangelo Buonarroti used like touches of reds and browns kept my eyes from focusing on one spot, but the entire painting. The Last Judgment was Michelangelo Buonarroti’s depiction was considered very controversial at this period in time because of his use of the naked body and the conservative society the artist lived in. Michelangelo was critiqued for integrating mythological creatures in the Biblical portrayal of his art. Even though, many individuals didn’t like the painting for various personal reasons, The Last Judgment soon became a masterpiece for the artist. Chapter Two: Egyptian Civilization The Great Temple of Aten After being in Italy for several days, I decided to taken in some of the beautiful and majestic architecture artwork in Egypt during the summer season in 1343 B. C. When I arrived in Egypt I made sure to get a guide to show me around the country. I traveled down the River Nile in a boat, taking in the scenery of the desert. For five days I traveled to Cairo, where my destination was to go to the city of el-Armarna. This is where the Great Temple of Aten is located. The city was a plain of desert land surrounded by many hills. Upon my arrival to the city, the boat docked by a platform on the east bank of the Nile River. Later I embarked on my journey of making my way towards the city of el-Armarna, Egypt. When I entered the city, I went looking for the Great Temple of Aten. I traveled north along Royal Road, in adjacent to the east bank of the river, which I road on a camel for several miles before arriving to the temple. When I came upon the Great Temple of Aten, I was surprised of how gorgeous the architectural structure was to me. The temple was for the worship of the god Aten during the reign of Akhenaten. It was dedicated for proper cult and worship of the sun-disk. With the association the city had with other gods, Akhenaten established a new city and capital at Amama (then called Akhetaten). Construction on the first architectural structure began in 1347 B. C. ; it was the chapel in the Great Temple. By 1343 B. C. the structure as completed and the temple was to be built. The temple has width of 300 yards and a length of 800 yards. Most of the temple was made of bricks because Akhenaten wanted to quicken the building process and using brick gave the workers more swiftness to finish the job. Timber was used in order to provide the architecture with support for the surroundings walls and towers. The temple also housed public building in the inside that was constructed out of stone, providing extra support. As I stepped through the entrance of the temple, I passed through a couple of towering pylons which I was led to a hallway lined with columns called the House of Rejoicing. As I kept walking, I came to a corridor known as the Gem-Aten. It didn’t have a roof, but only an opening that had shown the wide range of sky. The axis allows for the sun to be worshipped as it rises and sets everyday. The Gem-Aten consists of six courtyards. The first courtyard has a high alter containing small chapels. The second, third and fourth courts have rooms and altars for storing supplies; and for the usage for worship offerings. As I kept walking, I noticed that the fourth temple had chambers that were furnished for coverage in the shade. The last court is the High Alter where offering for Aten is done. The temple has a total of 365 altars. Each day of the solar year and the dividing of the altars on each side of the High Altar; it is representation of Upper and Lower Egypt. As I kept walking, I came upon the Sanctuary. This was the last structure of the temple that had statues of Akhenaten and his family. The entrance had an open courtyard that had three houses to lodge the priest who are on duty. With my mind still fascinated on the statues, I continued walk across the courtyard, I feel like I am seized by an army because they are various styles of statues of Akhenaten on both sides of me. This certain court that resembles the sixth court of Gem-Aten was utilized by the Royal family of Egypt. I decided it was time to go back to the main entrance of the temple, as I took on one more look around; I felt a greater respect for the architecture that has lasted through the centuries. It was wonderful to see firsthand the Egyptian cultures and how the society is devoted to their religion beliefs and culture. The temple is a reminder of a time Egyptian religion became monotheistic for a moment; and how the Atenism of religion has been viewed as an influence in creation of future monotheistic religions. While getting ready to transport myself to another place in time, I start to feel misery in knowing that every beautiful piece of architecture that I gazed upon will be back returned back into crumbling rubble, buried under the earth’s soil. In another perception, it’s good to know that the ruins will be rediscovered by future generations that will still be able to give distinct insight on the evolution of the Egyptian culture, civilization and architecture. Chapter Three: The Late Middle Ages Maesta Altarpiece On my last time traveling voyage, I decided to visit Siena, Italy for the unveiling of visual art of the Maesta Altarpiece in 1311. The creation is by artist, Duccio di Buoninsegnaa who was commissioned by the city to paint an altarpiece in the city of Siena’s cathedral. In 1314, the painting was completed. It was agony watching di Buoninsegnaa bond several panels of wood together so he could begin his creation. He had to paint the front and back of the panels with different types of paintings because the piece was to be located in the center of the cathedral where all the sides can be viewed. The altarpiece was painted using tempera and gold. Duccio possessed the confidence about his quality of work he created because of the medium that was chosen for the art project. Tempera is a medium used in paintings that is permanent, which dries quickly. It’s made by mixing a colored powder pigment and a water-soluble binding agent such as an egg yolk. Duccio used this technique to incorporate in his painting by using tempera and gliding produced colors, which was essential in preserving his masterpiece through time. While taking a long look throughout the cathedral, I think about how important the painting is to this era in time. I watched a parade of people making a pilgrimage to the cathedral through the city. It seems like a journey everyone was willing to take because of the religious significance it stands for. I decided to go out and follow the crowd, in which I observed that the procession of people consisted of priests and monks whom were praying, and then the citizens of Siena carried candles; followed by numerous other people. I noticed the journey was for the entire city to accompany the altarpiece to its final destination. It was an honor to be part of such a momentous and joyous event in history. Once the altarpiece made it to its destination, the procession showed an excitement that was overwhelming. The Maesta is then installed with the welcoming sound of bells coming from the cathedral. It was not too long before I was finally able to approach the altarpiece and examine the breathtaking art of Duccio Buoninsegnaa. On the front panel, the artist has managed to create a captivating painting that depicts the Mary (the Madonna) sitting on a throne cradling the baby Jesus in her arms. They are surrounded by saints and angels in colorful robes. While looking at the panels, I found myself studying the imagery of how real it seems. Even though it possess a new style of painting it has traditional aspects that Buoninsegnaa wanted to keep simple. It was a joy to experience the new style of painting created by Duccio Buoninsegnaa. He made his artwork look real with physique gestures. The painting is so captivating that I’m so sorry that I’m the only person that could time travel that could experience the artist masterpiece. It is wonderful to have a front row seat to something spectacular that the world won’t be able to recognize as a remarkable piece of art until centuries later. Though it took much time for the new style of Buoninsegnaa painting to evolve, it was good to know that it will be later embraced by the Italian Renaissance. My travels through the periods of history will always be an experience that I will treasure forever. The best thing about time traveling is that I can always go back in time and recreate any event in any period. Getting a firsthand lesson of the history of life-changing events is a gift within itself. I feel blessed and gifted to have traveled to these exotic cities and experience a beginning of history from the very start. I can’t wait to find out where my next adventure will take me. Until then, see you after my next big trip!

Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay

AbstractionThis study aims to discourse the subject of solar power and silicones. In that it aims to discourse the development of solar energy extraction engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours. Besides included in this study are brief treatments of the types of solar aggregators presently in usage and the developing engineerings in this field. It further addresses the subject of silicones. First it will dissect the formation of silicones. The assorted procedures involved in the industry, and polish of Silicones. One of the purposes of this study is to discourse the multi-functionality of Silicones and their utilizations in industry, and specifically to turn to the issue of the usage of silicones in the solar Industry. The Final purpose of this study is to discourse the possible usage of silicones in PV faculties, in peculiar their usage as a coating for solar panels. Besides it aims to reason that the usage of silicones will lengthen the life of solar faculties by giving equal protection to the solar cells. The study is based on research carried out relevant to the subjects above mentioned. Research was carried out utilizing assorted web sites, a TCE article and books, subsequently referenced in the study. The consequence of this study is the research carried out on the subject. The chief decision of this study is the recommendation for the hereafter usage of silicones in the production of PV faculties.IntroductionThe topic of this study is to analyze the subject of solar power and potency for silicones in the country. The chief job being handled in this study is whether the usage of silicones is a executable method for bettering the life anticipation of solar faculties. Solar energy is a topic really much in current treatment as renewable energy Begins to be viewed with more favors, due to the frights of a possible deficit of fossil fuels, and an increased fright of the inauspicious effects of the combustion of these fuels. The intent of this papers is to foreground the possibility of solar energy as being a feasible beginning of energy in the hereafter and to foreground the betterments that can be made to solar cells, and thereby solar faculties by utilizing silicones as portion of their industry. The range of this papers extends to a brief treatment of the development of solar energy engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours. It besides briefly trades with the subject of the formation of silicones and their current usage. The research for this subject was carried out over a period of 10 hebdomads.Theory: Solar EnergyHistoryThere is a popular belief that solar power has merely been around for the past four or five decennaries. But in world it has been around for much longer. Let us get down with the earliest reference of the usage of the Sun for the benefits of adult male, in the fifteenth Century BC. Though it may be nil more than a myth, there is reference of the â€Å" Sounding Statues † of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenkotep III. He claimed that his statues operated when the air in their base bases expanded after exposure to sunshine. Another possible myth sing the usage of solar power is 212 BC. In one of the most dramatic of early applications of solar energy it is said that the Grecian mastermind Archimedes. Harmonizing to legend he used a â€Å" Burning mirror † mirror to put the ships of the occupying Roman ships alight. He did this while they were still about 121.4 ft off. From Archimedes we move into the seventeenth Century AD The first application of solar energy after the autumn of the Roman Empire was in 1615. Salomon de Caux constructed the first device to be categorized as a â€Å" solar engine † . He constructed a device made of glass lenses, a supporting frame and an air-tight metal vas incorporating H2O and air. Its map was merely to bring forth a little H2O fountain when the air heated up during operation. It was considered more a plaything than a workhorse device. The physicist Athanasius Kircher ( 1601-1608 ) experimented during the mid 17th century with mirrors. He attempted to put fire to wood at a distance in an attempt to animate the so 1,800 twelvemonth old technique of Archimedes. Where Kircher worked with mirrors, a German mathematician, Ehrenfried Von Tschirnhaus ( 1651-1708 ) focused his work on lens type concentrators. He designed and constructed lenses up to about 30 inches in diameter. Using these he was capable of runing ceramic stuffs with concentrated sunshine. With this we take leave of the 17th century and switch our focal point to the eighteenth century. One of the most active figures in the eighteenth century with respects to solar energy was a Gallic scientist, George Louis Lecrec Buffon ( 1707-1788 ) . He was responsible for a series of multiple-mirror solar furnaces, the largest consisting of some 360 little planar mirrors, all separately focussed on a common point. In 1747, in the Gallic Royal Gardens, Buffon used 168 mirrors to light a heap of wood from a distance of about 195 ft. Buffon concluded that Archimedes could in fact have set fire to the Roman ships, but he estimated that he could non hold done so from a distance greater than 150ft. He based this decision about strictly on the premise that Archimedes was utilizing engineering far inferior to his ain, and hence could non hold equalled his ain device. Regardless of Buffon ‘s â€Å" decision † the inquiry sing Archimedes ‘ â€Å" Burning Mirror † still remains open. In 1977 D. L. Simms wrote in â€Å" Burning Question † Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) :64 ( 1977 ) 2, that â€Å" there are ample historical, scientific, and military evidences for reasoning that Archimedes did non utilize a combustion mirror as a arm of war â€Å" . Simms felt that Archimedes would hold been capable of ciphering the radiant flux necessary to make the occupation, and that Archimedes would non hold used a method of such low chance of success. Claude Poillet, a Gallic mathematician-scientist was one of the first people to concern himself with mensurating sunlight strength. He estimated that â€Å" the useable energy from the Sun per square pace of the Earth ‘s surface between the equator and about 43A ° N or S latitude was about 1/6 thermic unit per second, which corresponds to about one HP † 3. A Swiss naturalist, Nicholas de Saussure ( 1740-1799 ) , conducted the first recorded experiments in utilizing solar beams for cookery intents. His solar oven was called a â€Å" heat box † . Its composing consisted of multiple detached glass screens positioned over a blackened surface. The underside and sides of it were surrounded with insularity. It was recorded to hold achieved a temperature of 320A °F. The nineteenth century brought away a somewhat different solar oven. It was introduced by an English uranologist, John Fredrick Herschel. He built as little solar oven while on a trip to Africa ‘s Cape of Good Hope. It was constructed of mahogany painted black. He so buried it in the sand for intents of insularity. The lone portion of it left exposed was a dual glazed screen. This served to minimise heat loss from the top, while still allowing in sunshine. The oven is reported to hold reached a maximal temperature of 240A °F 1. In 1839 A. Edmund Becquerel, a Gallic physicist foremost discovered the photovoltaic consequence while experimenting with metal home bases. He discovered that some stuffs were photoconductive and could make little electrical charges when exposed to light4. However the first photovoltaic cell was non built until 1882, by an American discoverer Charles Fritts. He coated the semiconducting material Se with an highly thin bed of gold to organize the junctions5. One of the most fecund â€Å" solar energy innovators † was a Gallic Physics professor Augustin Mouchot ( 1825-1911 ) . Mouchot was responsible for originating 20 old ages of authorities funded experimentation with reflector type concentrators in 1860. His attempts in the field led to the construct, design and building of the first reflector devices based on the form of a abbreviated cone. These devices are now known as axicons. They were intended to concentrate sunlight along the cardinal axis of the cone instead than its predecessor devices which were designed to concentrate visible radiation to a individual point focal point. Mouchot built several solar powered steam engines between 1864 and 1882. Mouchot ‘s reflectors were built of â€Å" silver plated sheet metals, appropriately mounted so that the full device could be easy turned to follow the place of the Sun. The collection surfaces ( of a typical Mouchot assembly ) had an country of 40ft2 and was connected to a boiler which received about 87 % of the Sun ‘s heat † 3.Due to the available engineering of the clip the devices were connected to extremely inefficient steam engines, which yielded overall low public presentation. Though the eighteenth century brought the greatest organic structure of work on the solar energy forepart and the nineteenth century saw the superb Mouchot and his innovation of the abbreviated cone shaped reflector. It was the twentieth century that brought solar energy engineering to new degrees of variegation. In 1900 and 1911, patents were issued for sub-atmospheric-pressure solar engines, to E. H. McHenry. These engines used working fluids to bring forth power. Water was used to roll up heat and â€Å" a on the job fluid of lower boiling point than H2O ( was used ) to drive † 1.E. C. Ketcham received a patent for a similar system in 1905. The two- fluid system was introduced to avoid the low efficiency jobs which had been observed by Mouchot. The first experiments with level home base aggregators began in 1902. They were carried out by H. E. Willsie and John Boyle, Jr. The level home base device was a really shallow box with a black internal surface, a clear glass screen home base. The device was cooled by some signifier of transportation fluid flow normally H2O. This type of device does non concentrate sunshine as do lens-type and mirror type aggregators. However it is able to roll up and use diffuse sunshine every bit good as direct radiation, therefore their device was able to run over more widely changing conditions conditions. It was reported that though their device was built utilizing petroleum stuffs, its public presentation was such that â€Å" even in cold natural October conditions ( temperatures ) were high plenty to zap sulfur dioxide for the engine. â€Å" 1 In 1907 research began on level home base aggregators by Frank Schuman, of Philadelphia. Again, like Willsie and Boyle, H2O was used as the heat transportation fluid and a 2nd fluid was used to drive a steam engine. The fluid used was ether. His installing was located in Tacony, Pennsylvania, and included 1200ft2 of aggregation surface. The engine developed 3.5 horsepower, with a boiler temperature of 240A ° F. Encouraged by the public presentation of his units Shuman founded the Eastern Sun Power Company Limited in 1908.Types of Solar Collectors Presently in UseFlat Plate Collectorhypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/uploads/pics/flachkollektor-e.gif A level home base aggregator consists of an absorber, a transparent screen, a frame, and insularity. 6 Traditionally an iron-poor solar safety glass is used as a transparent screen. This is because it transmits a great sum of the short-wave visible radiation spectrum. Simultaneously, merely really small of the heat emitted by the absorber escapes the screen due to the nursery consequence. Besides the transparent screen prevents wind and breezes from transporting the collected heat off, by convection. Together with the frame, the screen protects the absorber from inauspicious conditions conditions.6 Typical frame stuffs include aluminum and galvanized steel, and on occasion frames are made of fibreglass-reinforced plastic. The intent of the insularity at the dorsum of the absorber and on the side walls is to decrease the heat loss through conductivity. Usually insularity is polyurethane froth or mineral wool, sometimes mineral fiber insulating stuffs like glass wool, stone wool, and fiberglass is used. Heat loss can be reduced within the frame by convection air can be pumped out of the aggregator tubing. Such aggregators can so be called evacuated- tubing aggregators. These must be re-evacuated one time every one to three years.6 This brings us to the subject of evacuated tubing aggregators.Evacuated Tube Collectorshypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/typo3temp/pics/5fb2adc895.gif In this type of vacuity aggregator, the absorber strip is located in an evacuated and force per unit area cogent evidence glass tubing. The heat transportation fluid flow through the absorber straight in a U-tube or in counter-current in a tubing in tubing system. The solar aggregator is composed of several serially interconnected, or tubes connected to each other via manifold. 6 A heat pipe aggregator incorporates a particular fluid which begins to zap even at low temperatures. The steam rises in the single heat pipes and warms up the carries fluid in the chief pipe by agencies of a heat money changer. The condensed liquid so flux back into the base of the heat pipe. The pipes must be angled at a specific angle above the horizontal to guarantee that optimum degrees of the procedure of evaporating and distilling maps. There are two types of aggregator connexion to the solar circulation system. Either the heat money changer extends straight into the manifold, and called a â€Å" wet connexion † , or it is connected to the manifold by a heat- conducting stuff, and called a â€Å" dry connexion † . A â€Å" dry connexion † allows the exchange of single tubings without necessitating the voidance of the full system of its fluid. Evacuated tubings offer the advantage that they work expeditiously. An advantage offered by evacuated tubings is that they work expeditiously with high absorber temperatures and with low radiation. Higher temperatures besides may be obtained for applications such as hot H2O warming, steam production, and air conditioning.6Solar panelhypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/220px-Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg ( PV cellsA connected together in a solar panel. ) A solar panel is a aggregation of interrelated solar cells which are besides known as photovoltaic cells. Solar panels can besides be used as constituents of larger photovoltaic systems used to bring forth and provide electrical power for commercial and domestic applications. Due to the fact that a individual solar cell can merely bring forth a limited sum of power, many installings contain a several panels. A typical photovoltaic system contains an array of solar panels, an inverter, complecting wires and a battery. 11Photovoltaic CellsPhotovoltaicsA ( PV ) is a method of bring forthing electrical power by convertingA solar radiation intoA direct current electricityA utilizing semiconductorsA that exhibit the photovoltaic consequence. 12 On exposure to light electromotive force or a corresponding electric current is created in a stuff. The photovoltaic consequence is straight related to the photoelectric consequence. But the two procedures are different and should ever be distinguished. In the photoelectric consequence, negatrons are ejected from a stuff ‘s surface upon exposure to radiation of a sufficient energy. In the photovoltaic consequence nevertheless there is a difference. The negatrons generated are transferred between different sets within the stuff ( i.e. from the cornice to conduction sets ) , ensuing in the physique up of a electromotive force between two electrodes. In most photovoltaic applications the radiation, is sunlight and due to this ground the devices are known as solar cells. In the instance of a p-n junction solar cell, upon light the stuff creates an electric current as aroused negatrons and the staying holes are swept in different waies by constitutional electric field of the depletion part. Photovoltaic power coevals employsA solar panelsA composed of a figure of cells incorporating a photovoltaic stuff. Materials soon used for photovoltaics include monocrystaline Si, polycrystalline Si, formless Si, Cd telluride, and Cu In selenide/sulphide. P V Cell diagram Solar panels use light energy, i.e. photons, from the Sun to bring forth electricity utilizing the photovoltaic consequence. The burden transporting member of a faculty can either be the top bed or the back bed. 11 The modern photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 atA Bell Laboratories.A This extremely efficient solar cell was foremost developed byA Daryl Chapin, A Calvin Souther FullerA and Gerald Pearson in 1954 utilizing a diffused Si p-n junction. The interrelated solar cells are normally embedded in crystalline ethene vinyl ethanoate, fitted with an aluminium or chromium steel steel frame and covered with crystalline glass on the front side to do a solar faculty. The bulk of solar faculties use wafer-based crystalline silicone cells or thin-film cells based on Cd telluride or Si. The cells must so be connected electrically to one another and to the remainder of the system. These electrical connexions can be made in two ways. They are made either in series to accomplish a coveted end product electromotive force and/ or in parallel to supply a coveted current beginning capableness. A Silicones can be used in two applications during the fabrication procedure. First they are used for sealing the cell into the frame and secondly as an alternate method to ethylene vinyl ethanoate for encapsulating the solar cell.Coevalss of Solar cellsIn the last few old ages several new photovoltaic engineerings have been researched, with an purpose to happening as effectual alternate to silicon-based solar cells. The research and development in this country by and large aims to supply higher efficiency and lower costs per W of electricity generated. Some in the solar cell industry place different â€Å" coevalss † of solar cell engineering. First coevals solar cells: Solar cells made o semiconducting p-n junctions. Second coevals: Solar cells: Solar cells based on first coevals cells bur focussed on cut downing the cost f the same by using thin movie engineerings. Third coevals: The 3rd coevals is slightly equivocal in the engineerings that it encompasses. Generally it tends to include among others, PV cell systems utilizing multi-layer ( tandem ) cells made of formless Si or Ga arsenide, non-semiconductor engineerings ( including polymer-based cells and biomimetics ) , while more theoretical developments are still in consideration. These include frequence transition, hot- bearer effects and other multiple-carrier expulsion, quantum point engineerings, dye-synthesized solar cells and upconversion engineerings. Presently the theoretical upper bound of the transition of sunshine to electricity is 33 % for a standard solar cell. But the Carnot bound for the same is about 95 % . This opens up a window of chance for heightening the efficiency of solar cells two or three times provided that assorted constructs can be put into usage for bettering efficiency without bearing high costs. These cell engineerings have the possible to get the better of the Shockley-Queisser bound of 31-41 % power efficiency for individual bandgap solar cells. This is what has been attempted by 3rd coevals solar cells, alternate stuffs to tackle the solar energy. 10 Innovalight is one of the Bay Area-based Startups that have pioneered the development of silicon nanoink-based solar cells. Beginnings claim, lab efficiencies are every bit high as 36 % .Current Use of Solar PowerPresently Solar energy is going progressively popular due to its sustainability, its little demand for care and its long term cost-effectiveness. 8 Presently the energy collected via the Sun is put to many utilizations. The chief beingWaterPart of the solar energy harnessed is used to pump H2O in distant countries. In peculiar it is used to power off-grid desalinization workss. Industry Solar energy has been used to power Television and wireless repeater Stationss, which are automated Stationss that transmit signals ) . It is besides used to power beacons, buoys and aircraft warning visible radiations on edifices and other constructions. Heat Solar energy can be used to heat residential places, whereby the energy is used to heat the H2O supply and, peculiarly in Florida, swimming pools are heated in this mode. â€Å" A photovoltaic cell is installed on the roof to roll up solar energy and is used to warm a heat transportation fluid that is used to heat the H2O itself. †Transportation systemâ€Å" Increasingly, solar energy is being used to power public transit vehicles such as coachs, streetcars and light-rails. Plans for solar-powered coach shelters are in the plants every bit good † .Consumer MerchandisesSmall appliance, such as reckoners and tickers, frequently use solar energy. Life Span Current solar cells have as effectual life span of approximately 20 to 25 old ages. Their value and electrical power end product lessenings steadily over clip. This occurs due to have on and rupture of usage. As the outer protective coating of glass wears off the internal constituents go more susceptible to damage.20Theory: SiliconesSiliconesDefinition: SiliconesA are inert, man-made compounds with a broad assortment of signifiers and utilizations. They are typically heat-resistant andA rubber-like. 13FormationSilicones are formed by the transition of chlorosilane monomers into polymer merchandises. This normally involves 2-4 procedures Hydrolysis plus killing Acid decrease of the hydrolysate In some instances Conversion of hydrolysate to cyclic oligomers Polymerization Equilibration Or Bodying of the hydrolysate to cyclic oligomers Depriving Devolatilization Or Solvent remotion Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in the procedure of which molecules of H2O are split into hydrogen cat-ions ( H+ , referred to asA protons for convenience ) and hydroxide anions ( OHa?’ ) , in the procedure of the chemical mechanism.A This is a type of reaction used to interrupt down certain polymers, specifically those made by a step-growth polymerisation. Such a procedure is normally catalysed either acerb or base. A common acid used is sulfuric acid ( H2SO4 ) , and a common base used is sodium hydrated oxide ( NaOH ) . 14, 15Silicon ProductionSilicon does non be on its ain in nature. Generally it is bonded with O, organizing stuffs such as sand and vitreous silica and granite stone. The silicon- O bond in vitreous silica is reputably so stable it can merely be broken by white heat. 9Silicon manufacturers cut down top-quality vitreous silica sand to elemental Si via a carbo-thermic smelting procedure: Formula for cut downing sand to elemental Si This reaction occurs in an electric furnace at & lt ; 1,400A °C ( & lt ; 2,600A °F ) . In it the C monoxide gas ( g ) leaves the furnace so the Si can non respond with the C to organize Si dioxide. The liquefied elemental Si, which is about 99 per centum pure, is so cooled and broken into balls. When used in silicone production, the Si is ground into a all right pulverization to increase the surface country available for reactions.Methylchloride productionMethylchloride is produced by distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid: Formula for distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid to bring forth methylchloride Two methyl groups ( CH3 ) must attach to each Si atom to bring forth one molecule of dimethyldichlorosilane. Dimethyldichlorosilane is the basicA silicone edifice block. 9Synthesization of chlorosilanesChlorosilanes are synthesized in a fluid bed reactor at temperatures runing from 250 to 300A °C ( 482 to 572A °F ) and at force per unit areas of 1 to 5 bars. The methyl chloride ( CH3Cl ) flows through a fluidized bed of Si metal powder.9 The reaction, is catalyzed by a copper-based accelerator, generates a complex mix of methyl chlorosilanes: Formula for the chlorosilanes synthesis reaction The methyl chlorosilane mix contains: A big sum of dimethyldichlorosilane ( Me2SiCl2 ) – the primaryA edifice block A moderate sum of methyltrichlorosilane ( MeSiCl3 ) Some trimethylchlorosilane ( Me3SiCl ) A little sum of methyldichlorosilane ( MeHSiCl2 ) Plus smaller sums of other silanes The chlorosilanes are so separated from one another through the procedure ofA distillment.Distillation of chlorosilanesDistillation is a procedure in which a liquid undergoes two stage alterations. One in which it transforms from a liquid to a gas and a 2nd where it reforms into a liquid. Each of the chlorosilanes produced during theA synthesisA phase has a alone boiling point. These boiling points are used to purify the chlorosilanes from one another based on the figure of Cl atoms attached to the molecule. Because the boiling points of the assorted chlorosilanes are so near together, really tall distillment columns are required to divide them. Once separated, the chlorosilanes are ready to be turned into utile siloxanes through the procedure ofA hydrolysis and condensation.9Hydrolysation and Condensation of ChlorosilanesFirst H2O is added to dimethyldichlorosilane ( the principal chlorosilane ) , as this done the two react to organize disilanol and hydrochloric acid. This occurs because O feels a greater attractive force for Si than Cl ; and chlorine feels a greater attractive force for H than O ( Me = CH3 ) . 9 demand elevations text The disilanols formed are unstable and strongly attracted to one another. These are so catalyzed by the hydrochloric acid, where they condense into polydimethylsiloxanes -which are molecules incorporating a anchor of Si atoms bonded to oxygen atoms. Hydrolysis and condensation occur spontaneously, at the same time, and really rapidly. These reactions are a regular â€Å" ageless chemical science machine, † ensuing in a mixture of: Cyclic ringsA ( with 3-6 reiterating SiO units ) Linear chainsA ( with 30-50 reiterating SiO units ) The cyclic and additive oligomers ( mini-polymers ) are separated from one another and distilled into cuts based on the figure of SiO units in the concatenation. Some are used as they are ( cyclosiloxane and low-molecular-weightA silicone fluids, for illustration ) . But the bulk are furtherA polymerized and finishedA to make a broad array of stuffs with an astonishing scope of public presentation capabilities.16Silicone PropertiesSilicones can be considered a molecular loanblend between glass and organic additive polymers. In which if as Si atom is bonded merely to oxygen atoms the construction formed is an inorganic glass called a Q-type Si. If one O atom is replaced with an R-group, such as a methyl, ethyl or phenyl, so a rosin or silesquioxane, or T-type Si, is formed. This type of stuff is more flexible than a Q-type stuff. Hereafter if two O atoms are replaced by organic groups, so the ensuing stuff formed is a really flexible additive polymer, known as D-type Si.19 This increased flexibleness found with diminishing cross-linking consequences in a low glass passage of the additive polymers. Due to this low glass passage silicones typically besides have a low modulus one time formulated and cured, specifically when compared to organic polymers. The modulus in additive silicones can be rather low by and large due to low crosslink denseness and in this signifier silicones frequently function to alleviate emphasis due a mismatch of coefficients of thermic enlargement, between two constituents in many applications. 19Derived MerchandisesLubricants: Silicones are used to deduce a dry-set lubricator is delivered with a dissolver bearer to perforate the mechanism. The solvent evaporates go forthing a clear movie that lubricates but does non pull soil and grit every bit much as traditional â€Å" moisture † lubricator. Assorted silicones are used as several types of lubricating oils. They are used for bike ironss, air-soft gun parts and a broad sc ope of other mechanisms. Poting: Potting is a procedure InA electronics in which a complete circuit assembly is filled with a solid compound for opposition to floor, and quiver, and for exclusion of wet and caustic agents.17 Silicone is frequently used as a potting agent. Encasing electronic equipment in this mode improves the stableness of the equipment against, mechanical daze, electrical daze, radiation, and quiver. Other utilizations of silicone include Rainproof coatings: Silicone movies can be applied to silica-based substrates like glass used as a signifier of insularity. Fabrics may be coated or impregnated with silicone to organize a strong, rainproof complex such asA silnylon. Besides silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealer against H2O and air penetration.http: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caulking.jpg/160px-Caulking.jpgSilicones as Solar EncapsulantsLED, Photovoltaic and other light sensitive devices require UV stable non yellowing encapsulants for protection and improved light transmittal. Optically Clear Silicones are best suited to this type of operation. These can be found in different scopes of hardness, viscousness, mix ratio, room temperature remedy, and heat remedy. This allows them to be adaptable and to run efficaciously in different conditions.Protection offered by SiliconesSolar cells are presently being implemented in parts every bit diverse as Germany and the Sahara. In consequence this means that the silicones need to be able to offer protection against really diverse inauspicious climes. Silicones need to be able to protect against the effects of sustained rain showers such as those happening in Asia, during monsoon season, while besides being able to prolong continual harm caused by desert air currents. Following this Protection is besides required from the effects of continual alterations in the clime. One illustration of the gradual wear of stuff is due to Aeolian or wind eroding. This type of eroding occurs about chiefly in the desert, where many industrial graduated table solar workss are installed.18ConsequencesFrom my research I have gathered that: Current solar engineering relies to a great extent on p-n junction photovoltaic cells. The current coevals of solar engineering is being implemented across Europe, in the United States of America, and major plants are being carried out in the African comeuppances. Current solar cells use a glass window glass as a screen for the external screen of the solar cell. The mean life span for a solar cell is between 20 and 25 old ages. Silicones have the advantage of being really versatile in their formation. They can be formed to accommodate the environment in which they will be implemented. There is possible in the current solar cell market for silicones to be used as screens, or coatings for PV faculties.DecisionsWhy Silicones and the PV faculty assembly market are perfect for each other:Mechanical belongingss that stay about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures & A ; remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures. UV stableness Low Equilibrium wet content Electrical insularity Fire opposition Hi degree of adhesion Optical transparence Silicones are an ideal merchandise household to run into the demands in the PV faculty assembly market. Their citations include mechanical belongingss that remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures, and remain stable even after long periods of exposure at high temperatures. UV stableness, low equilibrium wet content, electrical insularity, and fire opposition are built-in in silicones due to their chemical nature. In add-on to this decently formulated silicone preparations can exhibit really fast remedy rates, high degree of adhesion to many hard- to stick-to substances, and optical transparence. All of these contribute to high lastingness in out-of-door exposure, and higher efficiency due to more effectual usage o the visible radiation from the solar spectrum. In the UV-visible wavelength part silicones are extremely crystalline, this makes them ideal campaigners for cell encapsulants. They can be formulated to hold low modulus and be stress alleviating piece besides holding first-class adhesion to the glass and cell substrates.RecommendationsFrom my research carried out in this country of survey it is my recommendation that silicones be used as the criterion method for encapsulating PV cells, and thereby PV faculties. The current PV cells comprise chiefly of p-n junction solar cells, the general layout and design of which was discussed earlier in the study. Silicones would do a really suited covering/ encapsulant for these types of solar faculties as they can be formed into extremely flexible stuff that can easy surface the outer bed of the faculty. Once on the stuff the silicone can so be hardened/ solidified to organize a lasting coating on the PV faculty. The silicone coating can so efficaciously protect the constituents of the PV faculty from external harm caused by corrosion. This efficaciously means protection from the effects o weather corrosion, such as wear and tear caused by the rain, Sun etc†¦ †¦ As silicones offer protection from all of the above they are ideally situated to be used as solar encapsulants. Meinel, A.B. , and M. P. Meinel. Applied solar Energy-An Introduction ( Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , 1976 ) . And Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975 ) . â€Å" Burning Question † Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) :64 ( 1977 ) . Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/about_5098013_photovoltaic-effect.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thegeminigeek.com/who-invented-solar-panels/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/knowledge/basic-knowledge/solar-collectors.html hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/facts_5185557_current-uses-solar-energy.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.growthconsulting.frost.com/web/images.nsf/0/5C8C038AEE4690D96525744E001A9C9B/ $ File/TI.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone ( A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the â€Å" Gold Book † ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version: A ( 2006- ) â€Å" hydrolysis † . ^A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the â€Å" Gold Book † ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version: A ( 2006- ) â€Å" solvolysis † . ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dmoz.org/Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Contract_Manufacturing/Printed_Circuit_Boards/Assembly/ hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/erosion.htm The Chemical Engineer, November, 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //searchwarp.com/swa139552.htm