Education Program For The United Nations Development Program

1. Jim Teicher is Cofounder and CEO of CyberSmart! Education, a digital learning company and international leader in fostering digital literacy skills. In 2007 Jim founded CyberSmart! Africa—partnering with The Millennium Villages Project, a joint initiative of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, Millennium Promise and the United Nations Development Program. The program is going to provide a sustainable, scalable solution to 21st century learning. 2. Bill Gates is the most influential person in education policy in the last decade. He has contributed to over $1.2 billion in high school reform efforts. Bill Gates has also helped bring technology into schools that needed and has had some success with changing the high school system†¦show more content†¦The department’s mission covers the following main areas: †¢ Encouraging teaching practices using ICT; †¢ Developing school equipment; †¢ Creating networks; †¢ Teacher training (both initial teacher education and continuing professional development); †¢ Supporting the production and distribution of multimedia resources; †¢ The product and services industry. 2. Agence Bibliographique de l‘enseignement Supà ©rieur (ABES) †¢ ABES is the French higher education organisation for bibliographic issues. It has been coordinating STAR, a management system of electronic theses from all French universities since 2007 and has now developed a portal for over 60 000 doctoral theses since 2001. †¢ OA mandate: Yes. All universities deposit their theses to this centralised disseminating portal. 3. Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) †¢ CNRS is Europe’s major research organisation working through its 7 institutes of Biological Science, Chemistry, Ecology and Environment, Humanities and Social Sciences, Information Sciences and Technologies, Engineering and Systems Sciences, Physics and 3 national institutes: National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (INSMI); National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); National Institute for Earth Sciences and Astronomy (INSU)/ Its aim is to encourage collaborative and interdisciplinary research. †¢ OA mandate: Mandated through the Ministry of Research. 4. Couperin †¢ Academic consortium of over

Human Resources and Hr - 985 Words

Activity 1: Human resource department is the field that takes control of training and overseeing employees. Therefore, it is important for HR personnel to develop and maintain some skills and knowledge in that field. Based on the CIPD HR professional map, there are some strategies, insights and solutions that can be followed. One of them is to ensure that Individuals understand the organization s external goals and objectives and the different functions within it. Through understanding what should be done, employees will be able to focus on what they can do to help their organizations. Moreover, promoting leadership among teams and encouraging people to lead and make decisions is one of the most successful strategies used nowadays to†¦show more content†¦I need to ensure that I would deal patiently with difficult customers and treat them respectfully, and advice other employees to do that too to perform a timely service delivery without losing customers or our good reputation. Activity 2: Personal Development Plan or PDP is a program that aims to develop the professional skills and knowledge of employees and to improve their competency skills in different professions. PDP plays a major role in preparing employees to be up-to-date to any recent trend that may occur in their field of specialty. It also helps employees to develop new skills and to become more efficient and confident. When confidence is achieved, employees stay motivated to improve knowledge and to increase professional competence. Staying up-to-date with the latest trend of a profession increases the productivity of a company and makes it one the best in its respective field. Development options: †¢ What skill I need, knowledge and behaviours are required to do the job well. †¢ Look at the current skill and behaviors. †¢ Compare actual with required to identify the gaps. What do I want to learn What will I do to achieve this What resources or support will I need What will my success criteria Target dates for review and completion Developing professional practice Apply the outcome from the course Support from people around me and the institute Dealing with proficient people Daily tell I reached what IShow MoreRelatedThe Human Resource ( Hr )1572 Words   |  7 Pages The human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performanceRead MoreThe Human Resource ( Hr )1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performance managementRead MoreThe Human Resource ( Hr )2186 Words   |  9 Pages The human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hr )1550 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HR) acts to serve a function which is aimed at maximizing the overall performance of a business and its employees in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SH RM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims andRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hr )1499 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HR) is a function in an organisation aimed at maximizing employee performance in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims and objectives and competitive advantageRead MoreHuman Resource Management and Hr1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe report below sets out the importance of the HR function, explains how HR activities support the organisation’s strategy and ways HR support line managers and their staff. The HR Function is in a position to add value by proper formulation and implementations of the following activities and in turn support the organisation strategy. Recruitment and Selection Recruiting the wrong people can lead to a drop in productivity, lack of commitment, low morale, and rapid staff turnover, all of whichRead MoreHuman Resources ( Hr ) Managers980 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources (HR) managers today are faced with many different issues than those in the past. While human resources managers are still responsible for the interviewing, hiring, training and orientation of new employees, this position has developed into much more than the initial hiring of the employee. They are also responsible for keeping employees and other managers up-to-date and aware of the diversity issues, and strategically implementing programs that align with the goals of the organizationRead MoreThe Human Resource ( Hr ) Department1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Resource (HR) department manages the tangible indirect reward to employees. The Benefits that an employer provides to their employees are ones needed to provide the motivation to retain their employment and pr ovide a positive return on investment. With the rising cost of health care, companies are relying on their HR department to provide benefits that will help in lowering the cost associated with older workers. Employers have found one benefit that has provided the greatest return onRead MoreHuman Resource ( Hr ) Departments988 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource (HR) departments were established to help companies enhance their employee’s potential, which in turn enhances the performance of the company. HR departments are expanding in companies regardless of their size. Due to state and federal law, human resource departments have to adapt and grow. These HR laws are in place to help both the employee and the employer. This paper will discuss the Family and Medical Leave Act and what it is able to provide for employees. The Law PublicRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department1532 Words   |  7 Pages Although Human Resource Management did begin as a administrative job, advancements in technology has increased a business’s resources to the point of needing this department to take on a more strategic role. The HR Department is or all intend and purposes the center point for the employees needs ranging from - payroll, benefits, vacation, as well as staying up to date with the legal matters. The roles the HR department have always been aimed at meeting the needs of the employee, with a strategic

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 1717 Words

â€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are not necessarily the same thing. The play, â€Å"A Doll House† written by Henrik Ibsen back in 1879 while exiled in Germany, reveals the desire of freedom from Nora, a typical house wife in Norway back in the end of 19th century. An event of secret loan†¦show more content†¦At the scene Helmer replies: â€Å"Yes, it’s not at all impossible. Mrs. Linde, I suppose you’re a widow† (Ibsen 1126), after Nora asks Torvald to consider giving Linde, her friend, a position in the bank. All show the inferior status of women in the family, and in the society’s legal structure. Not only that the society calls for a woman â€Å"no deceiving† as a wife under any circumstance, but also women basically are forbidden to do many things financially, including borrowing. A woman back then should be dependent on her family and not supposed to have a serious job unless being a widow or not married. In â€Å"The position of Women in Norway†, Pernille Là ¸nne Mà ¸rkhagen states that â€Å"up the 1854, Norwegian women acquired inheritance rights. But, not until 1890s that married women gained the right to control their own wealth. Prior to the start of industrialization in the 19th century, the role of women was entirely subservient to men† (Mà ¸rkhagen). Though Norway is a leading country to address women’s right now, the social norm back then in Norway is still a male dominating society. It is especially true once we learn that Henrik Ibsen was born in Norway (1828-1906), and â€Å"A Doll House† is one of the famous plays he wrote to reveal the social issues encountering during that time (â€Å"Henrik Ibsen Biography.com†). A partner, the desire for women to be treatedShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signedRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1094 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen was born in 1828 to a wealthy family, however, when he was just eight years old his family went bankrupt, and they lost their status in society. Ibsen knew how the issue of money could destroy a person’s reputation in no time at all. That is how he makes the characters in this play, A Doll’s House, so believable. Nora and Mrs. Linde, the two main female characters in the play, have had issues i n the past of how money and forgery ruined their lives. Nora forged her dead father’s signature

The Tax System Of The United States - 854 Words

Tax System Tax system is a legal system of imposing and collecting taxes from the citizens of the country. As it has been stated by Albert Einstein, the hardest task in the world is to understand the tax system of a country. The United States’ tax system is so complicated that its tax code contains almost 3 million words and 6,000 pages. Moreover, the taxes implied by city and state governments add more complexity to the federal taxation system. In this case, we do not need to understand the complexity of tax code system in order to get acquainted with the significant role of taxes in American society. Role of Political Leaders In addition to economic issues, taxation is also a political issue. Political leaders formulate tax policies to bring reforms in the taxation system in order to promote their agendas. The major tax reforms include: increasing or decreasing the tax rate, imposing new taxes on certain products and changing the definition of taxable income. It is evident from the research studies that no one deliberately wants to pay taxes. U.S’ tax policy reflects expression of influence - i.e., those who have power are successful in paying low taxes and their burden is shifted to people who have no power. Therefore retired individuals, small business owners and farmers find ways efforts to reduce their tax burden. Since its existence, tax policy has been enormously used for promoting political and economic agendas. Structure of Taxation The system of taxation inShow MoreRelatedThe Tax System Of The United States1597 Words   |  7 Pagesand services is provided by the government for the people. Taxes in the United States can be originated all the way back to the 1760s. The current tax system the country has is a progressive tax. A progressive tax is a taxation system where higher incomes get taxed at higher percentages than those with lower incomes. The tax system that has been proposed that the economy should switch to is a flat tax. A flat tax is a system where all income would have to pay the same percentage towards taxes regardlessRead MoreThe United States Tax System1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States tax system has an extensive history that has transformed from a modest system to a complex taxation system over the years. From the beginning, the tax system has undergone changes due to past wars, inclusion of social programs, changes to social programs, presidential views, and ec onomic fluctuations. Every tax year, the tax laws continue to change from the methods of the past. In the years of the 1600’s and the middle 1700’s, the English settlers were the dominant people whoRead MoreThe Tax System Of The United States1553 Words   |  7 Pagesfunds certain actions and services provided by the government for the people. Taxes in the United States originated in the 1760s. The current tax system the country has is a progressive tax. A progressive tax is a tax system where higher incomes tax at higher percentages than those with lower incomes. The tax system that was anticipated that the economy should switch to is a flat tax. A flat tax is a system where all income would pay the same percentage towards taxes regardless of how much money theyRead MoreThe Tax System Of The United States1597 Words   |  7 Pagesactions and services is provided by the government for the people. Taxes in the United States originated all the way back in the 1760s. The current tax system the country has is a progressive tax. A progressive tax is a taxation system w here higher incomes get taxed at higher percentages than those with lower incomes. The tax system that was anticipated that the economy should switch to is a flat tax. A flat tax is a system where all income would have to pay the same percentage towards taxes regardlessRead MoreThe United States Tax System1487 Words   |  6 PagesPolitics is the process in which negotiation and resistance is utilized to establish a stable society. In contrast, the current United States tax system fails to form such solid grounds. Without such a complex system, anarchy and chaos will overrule the goal of fairness that is favorable to people. Taxation is a branch of politics that is distorted in some ways in which it does not satisfy many people’s needs. Although a government is designed to run an organized society and meet the needs of citizensRead MoreThe United States Tax System1799 Words   |  8 PagesPast Influences, the United States Tax System The Power of Tax Franklin D Roosevelt once said â€Å"Taxes, after all, are dues that we pay for the privileges of membership in an organized society†. Though the word, tax, itself has so much power the basic definition is to asses a fee against a citizen person, property, or activity for the support of the government (Tax, n.d. , para. 2). Just mentioning taxes as a headliner on a newscast will draw the public in to listen to the news. The word is unescapableRead MoreThe Flat Tax System Of The United States Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagestaxes. With this being said, the United States has adopted a progressive tax since its very existence. We believe that if our nation is placed under a flat tax system, our economy will operate more effectively. If we incorporate a flat tax system we will be able to ensure fairness among all citizens, eliminate tax loopholes, and allow opportunities for business expansion. With this being said, we will be examining the strengths and weaknesses about the flat tax system and how it has been used into practiceRead MoreThe Progressive Tax System Of The United States Essay2092 Words   |  9 Pages There is an issue that has plagued the United States even prior to the founding of the nation. That issue is fair taxation. While the American Colonists were being taxed unfairly without parliamentary representation, average modern Americans are being taxed unfairly without legal representation. Some hold the belief that the progressive tax code employed by the United States to be fair as the wealthy pay a higher marginal tax rate. The operative word there being marginal. As the upper class typicallyRead MoreThe United States Tax System and Flat Tax Essay1892 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States Tax System and Flat Tax The United States tax system is in complete disarray. Republicans and Democrats agree that the current tax code is complex, unfair, and costly. The income tax system is so complex; the IRS publishes 480 tax forms and 280 forms to explain the 480 forms (Armey 1). The main reason the tax system is so complex is because of the special preferences such as deductions and tax credits. Complexity in the current tax system forces Americans to spend 5.4Read MoreProgressive Tax Systems in Europe and the United States1135 Words   |  5 Pagesprogressive tax would be the perfect tax structure to choose. This is a system where the tax rate increases as the taxable base increases as well. As we recall from history, President George Bush had enacted a tax cut from 2001 – 2010. Over this ten year Americas wealthiest had received tax cuts totaling almost half a trillion. By 2010 while Bush’s tax reductions were still in place 52 percent of the tax cuts had gone to the 1 perce nt richest whose average income was 1.5 million â€Å"Their tax-cut windfall

Maintaining a Healty Body Free Essays

There are many different factors involved in maintaining a healthy body, such as; a balanced diet, regular exercise, staying hydrated, making sure you get the right vitamins and nutrients your body needs, getting enough sleep, taking prescribed medication properly, and avoiding drugs and alcohol. This essay is going to focus on how to maintain a healthy body when you are pregnant, for both the mother and the baby, through a healthy diet and lifestyle, and also the repercussions if these are not adhered to. A healthy, balanced diet is important for everyone to maintain a healthy body, but t is particularly important during pregnancy as it will keep you fit and healthy, as well as improving the growth and development of the baby. We will write a custom essay sample on Maintaining a Healty Body or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ‘eatwell plate’ shows the four main food groups that are important when trying to eat well-balanced meals, as recommended by the Food Standard’s Agency. We are advised to eat five portions (a minimum of 400g) of fruit and vegetables every day in order to get a good combination of the vitamins and minerals our bodies need. They are also a great source of fibre, needed to prevent constipation, and they contribute to reducing the risk of stroke, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A third of the food that we eat should be made up of foods that are higher in carbohydrates and fibre. These are known as starchy foods and are essential because they digest slowly, giving us more energy and helping us to feel full for longer, making it less likely for us to over-eat. Dairy foods, such as, milk, cheese, and yoghurt are also important, especially in pregnant women, as they provide us with protein, essential for growth and repair, and calcium which keeps our bones strong and is vital for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. However, there are some dairy products that pregnant omen are advised to avoid as they could make you ill or harm the baby. Foods rich in protein, such as; fish, eggs, chicken and lean meat are also necessary as part of a well-balanced diet. These provide us with essential vitamins and minerals, for example; iron and vitamin 812. Pregnant women are expected to eat two portions of fish each week, preferably oily fish such as salmon because they are rich in Omega-3, which assists in maintaining a healthy heart, and are also a good source of vitamin D. Pregnant women can get most of the vitamins and minerals they need by eating a healthy, balanced diet. However, women who suffer from morning sickness may find it difficult to eat the right amount of food necessary to obtain these. Therefore, they are recommended to take supplements. It is crucial to take folic acid during pregnancy as it assists in the prevention of neural tube defects, for example, spina bifida. Women are advised to take 400 micrograms of folic acid every day from when they are trying to conceive up until the twelfth week of pregnancy. Vitamin D is also important during pregnancy as it helps to regulate the amount of phosphate and calcium in the body. It is recommended that women take 10 micrograms of vitamin D aily, throughout the pregnancy and when they are breastfeeding in order to reduce the risk ot rickets disease, which can attect the development ot the baby’s bones. Many pregnant women often feel lethargic and this is mainly due to an iron deficiency. This can be avoided by taking an iron supplement which has been proven to reduce anemia, and thus could possibly reduce the risk of other pregnancy complications, such as hemorrhaging. Zinc is another important supplement, proven to decrease the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and pre-eclampsia [3], which could be very dangerous as it may develop into eclampsia, causing the mother o have fits, threatening the survival of the mother and the baby. 4] Iodine supplementation is crucial during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester as it is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, needed for the development of the baby’s brain. A lack of iodine could lead to hypothyroxinemia in the mother and the foetus, which could potentially lead to the baby being born with brain damage or other neurological deficits. [5]. Although it is important to have a varied, balanced diet, there are some foods that pregnant women are advised to avoid as they can cause serious illness to the mother nd the baby. One of these is unpasteurized milk, or foods that contain it, such as soft cheese. These could carry listeria, which are a harmful bacteria that can survive at refrigerator temperatures and can cause listeriosis. Methylmercury is also very dangerous as it can be harmful to the developing nervous system of an unborn baby. This can be avoided by not eating large fish, such as swordfish and tile-fish, as they contain high levels of methylmercury. It is extremely important that pregnant women cook meat thoroughly, in order to prevent toxoplasmosis. This is caused by a harmful arasite called toxoplasma, found in raw or undercooked meat and also fruit and vegetables that have not been washed properly. 6] Exercise is extremely beneficial during pregnancy for a number of reasons. Core exercises that strengthen the abdominal, back and pelvic muscles will help to relieve back pain and should give women an advantage during labor as they will be physically prepared. Fatigue and difficulty sleeping are common problems among pregnant women. Those who exercise regularly claim to sleep better and have more energy during the day. Also, when we exercise our brains release endorphins, these re â€Å"feel good† hormones that help to improve your mood and decrease anxiety. 7] Smoking during pregnancy has serious implications for the mother and the baby. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but it causes additional health problems during pregnancy such as premature birth and miscarriage. It may also cause low birth weight, making the baby more prone to infections and could be fatal. It can cause the placenta to separate from the womb too early, cutting off the baby’s source of food and oxygen and causing bleeding. [8] Drinking when pregnant seriously affects the unborn baby as it can stop the baby rom growing properly and affect brain development. This is because when the woman drinks, the alcohol passes through the placenta and enters the baby’s bloodstream. [9] In conclusion, it is evident that women need to be extremely careful in all aspects of pregnancy. Their diet and lifestyle must be altered to benefit the mother and the unborn baby. It is crucial that pregnant women are made aware of the implications of not eating properly, eating the wrong foods, and not being strict about food hygiene, as all ot these could lead to serious illness in the mother and the baby, and in serious cases, could be life-threatening! http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/healthy-pregnancy-diet.aspx http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/vitamins-minerals-supplements-pregnant.aspx http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pre-eclampsia/Pages/Introduction.aspx http://yalehealth.yale.edu/obstetricsprenatal-patientshttp://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/exercise-benefits https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/tobaccousepregnancy/ https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/alcohol-and-pregnancy/ How to cite Maintaining a Healty Body, Papers

Gangs Essay Research Paper The Original law free essay sample

Gangs Essay, Research Paper The Original jurisprudence of the Illinois juvenile tribunal defined a delinquent as: a kid under the age of 16 old ages who has violated any Torahs of the province, or any metropolis or small town regulation. Under the common jurisprudence, kids between the ages of 7 and 16 old ages of could be dealt with as delinquent. Today in 37 provinces and in the District of Columbia, juvenile tribunals are ab initio responsible for all misdemeanors committed by young person under the age of 18. In 10 provinces the age bound is 17 and in three provinces the jurisdictional age is 16, which means that anyone at these ages or above will confront condemnable prosecution. Dependency, disregard, and misdemeanor of educational Torahs have been included in most legal powers of the juvenile tribunals. Juvenile delinquency from a legal province combines the features of societal protection and limitation. Juvenile delinquency may be a contemplation of ethical defects in the households form of life. The parent themselves may be lending to the delinquency of their progenies by the illustration of their ain societal misconduct. The broken place defined as one in which one or both parents are absent because of decease, abandonment, separation, divorce, or a committedness to an establishment, have contributed to juvenile delinquency. Other factors that may lend to the high rate of juvenile delinquency is inordinate poorness, dependence, overcrowding and other hapless place conditions, and the deficiency of parental control or attending. Why do young persons fall in packs? This Question has many replies, and it all depends upon many factors that are Affecting the young person? s life. For some young persons there isn? t a pick, they are born into the activities of packs because of their parents. Others that Don? Ts have a pick are the 1s who are forced in or recruited really strongly. Younger childs about the age of 10 or 11 are chased down by older, bigger and tougher pack members and crush up. They are made to maintain a ticker out for the constabulary at a peculiar clip and topographic point, or keep the drugs or the drug money during a dealing. Those who join voluntarily may be fall ining for the societal relationships and a sense of individuality. Others join for a sense of community, protection from other packs and an overall sense of good being. It is believed that young person packs may hold foremost appeared in Europe or Mexico. No 1 is certain when or why packs emerged in the Untied States. The earliest record of their visual aspect in the United States may hold been every bit early every bit 1783 as the American Revolution ended. They may hold emerged from adolescent playgroups or as a corporate response to urban conditions in this state. Gangs began to distribute across the United States in the early 1800? s, as the industrial revolution was holding an impact on larger metropoliss. In Chicago and other larger metropoliss packs began to flourishes during the industrial epoch, when in-migration and population displacements reached extremum degrees. It is during these rapid population displacements that packs seemed more seeable and violent. It is believed that the original packs were formed by immature adult male arising against their low societal position. These packs came from overcrowded, substandard lodging, hapless o r nonexistent wellness attention installations, and few if any economic chances. The purpose behind these groups may hold been simple camaraderie Born of shared defeat at perceived societal and economic unfairnesss. The United States has seen four distinguishable periods of pack growing and peak activity: the late 1800? s, the 1920? s, the 1960? s, and the 1990? s ( Curry and Decker, 1990 ) . In the early portion of the 19th-century, youth packs in the United States were chiefly Irish, Jewish, and Italian ( Haskins 1974 ; Sante 1991 ) . Harmonizing to resent national jurisprudence enforcement study, the ethnicity of pack members is 48 percent African American, 43 per centum Hispanic, 4 per centum white, and 4 per centum Asian ( Curry, 1996 ) . A study among pupils in the eight class at 11 different sites showed these per centums were different. 31 per centum of the pupils who said that their were gang members were African American, 25 per centum were Hispanic, 25 per centum were white, 5 per centum were Asiatic, and 15 per centum were others ( Esbensenand and Osgood ) . Youth packs are widespread in metropoliss that have a history of pack jobs like Chicago and Los Angeles. It has been said that Chicago has approximately 132 packs with an estimated rank of 30,000 to 50,000 hardcore members. Chicago? s four largest and most reprehensively active packs, the Black Gangster Di sciples Nation, the Latin Disciples, the Latin Kings, and the Vice-Lords history for about two-thirds of all pack motivat ed offenses. Youth packs vary by size and by types. Territorial packs? norm around 180 members ; Specialty packs average about 25 members. In metropoliss where packs have been in being for a long period of clip, the typical age of the pack member is 12 to 24. The mean age of the young person pack member is 17 to 18. African American packs in big metropoliss by and large tend be involve in entrepreneurial activities more than any other ethnic/racial packs. These packs are said to be more involved in drug discourtesies. Latino packs are more involved in sod? related force ; Asians and white Gangs discourtesies deal largely with belongings. Membership in a young person pack involves many unsafe actives the, induction to fall in is an illustration of the danger involved. Daniel Monti the writer and research worker of the book Wannabes Gangs in Suburbs and School interview 400 immature work forces and adult females many of them gang members, to acquire a clearer understanding about history and human nature. In the Book Wannabes several of the young persons describes their induction and traveling through the wannabe procedure before they were approached to go a member of a peculiar pack. There are many different types of inductions, one is being beat up by the members of the pack that you are fall ining. Another type of induction is to hit person, that individual doesn? T necessary have to decease but the act of hiting that person has be done in order to fall in. Youth gang members commit a disproportional portion of discourtesies including nonviolent 1s. Gang force differs from one metropolis to another, one community to another and from one pack to another. In the book Wannabe the most mentioned type of force was that of physically contending members of other packs. The female function in packs is non that much different so that of the males, they are initiated likewise as the males. Most female pack members do non perpetrate the hardcore violent act, their popularity is by and large high due to their sexual activity. Violence inside the pack such as induction serves to intensity the bonds. Most packs are governed by regulations that support utilizing force to settle differences and to accomplish group ends, sod protection and enlargement, and in defence of the pack? s order. Fight is besides a manner of showing stamina and set uping position in the pack. How does a young person acquire out of a pack? One immature adult male says that you lose yourself. This immature adult male was with a pack called the Disciples, his pack did a batch of drug trafficking and he made a sufficient sum of money and was ready to acquire out of the pack. He had prepared a missive to his parents stating them of his engagement, that he had left them some money in the bank, and that this was the lone manner for him to acquire out. It is said that one time you are in the pack that there is no manner out. Some of the other young persons interview by Monti express that wanted out besides, one says that? you can endorse out but you can? t acquire out. ? Another Tells of the process for acquiring out? you if to kill person in your household or acquire beat up by a whole clump of them? . Gangs that have good ties to other local groups and to grownups in their country behave in a more reticent manner. They do non rupture up their ain vicinities and do non intimidate those that live there their community. It is believed that packs like this type of relationship with their community because they need a safe oasis. The community besides provide the pack with information, and the pack need a psychological tie to the community because the societal adhesive is harder to brake. Gangs that have hapless ties to country groups are more likely to destruct belongings and to hassle their neighbours. Gangs are get downing to demo up in communities where they have non been seen before. Gangs are non traveling off, it is believed that a national offense mob built by the larger African American and Latino Gangs was established in Kansas City on April 1993. It is believed that this mob will split the state up into drug districts while still leting the little packs to go on to contend amongst themselves. Bibliography Mentions 1.Butts, J. , A ; Harrell, A. ( 1998 ) . Delinquents or Criminals: Policy Options for Young Offenders. The urban institue. 2. Howell, J. ( 1998 ) . Youth gangs an overview, Juvenile Justice Bulletin. 3. Goldstien, A. P. ( 1991 ) . Delinquent Gangs. ( 5th ed. ) . Chicago: Mcnaughton A ; Gunn 4. Monti, D. ( 1994 ) . Wannabes Gangs in Suburbs an Schools. Cambridge, Ma: Blackwell 5. Shulman, M. H. ( ! 961 ) .Juvenile Delinquency in America. New York: Haprer A ; Brothers.